1 


■'  J 


HAMPSHIRE 

INTER-LIBRARC5^, 


CENTER 

NUMISMATIC  N 
AND  MONOGRAP 

No.  15 


^ J^/  ‘r^. 


TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

A CONTRIBUTION  TO  TARENTINE  NUMISMATICS 


By  MICHEL  P.  VLASTO 


THE  AMERICAN  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 
BROADWAY  AT  156th  STREET 
NEW  YORK 
1922 


PUBLICATIONS 


The  American  Journal  of  Numismaticsf 

1866-1920. 


Monthly,  May,  i866-April,  1870. 
Quarterly,  July,  1870-October,  1912. 
Annual,  1 91 3-1920. 


With  many  plates,  illustrations,  maps  and  tables. 
Less  than  a dozen  complete  sets  of  the  Jour- 
nal remain  on  hand.  Prices  on  application. 
Those  wishing  to  fill  broken  sets  can  secure 
most  of  the  needed  volumes  separately.  An 
index  to  the  first  50  volumes  has.  been  issued 
as  part  of  Volume  51.  It  may  also  be  pur- 
chased as  a reprint  for  ^3.00, 


The  American  Numismatic  Society.  Catalogue 
of  the  International  Exhibition  of  Contempo- 
rary Medals.  March,  1910.  New  and  revised 

edition.  New  York.  1911.  xxxvi,  412 

.. 


>10.00. 


Litic  Society.  Exhibition 
Colonial  Coins.  1914. 
ates.  ;^i.oo. 


4- 


/ 


NUMISMATIC 

NOTES  & MONOGRAPHS 


Editor:  Sydney  P.  Noe 


Numismatic  Notes  and  Monographs  is 
devoted  to  essays  and  treatises  on  subjects 
relating  to  coins,  paper  money,  medals  and 
decorations,  and  is  imiform  with  Hispanic 
Notes  and  Monographs  published  by  the 
Hispanic  Society  of  America,  and  with  In- 
dian Notes  and  Monographs  issued  by  the 
Museum  of  the  American  Indian-Heye 
Foundation. 


TAPA2  OTKISTHS 


A CONTRIBUTION  TO  TARENTINE  NUMISMATICS 


THE  AMERICAN  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 
BROADWAY  AT  156th  STREET 
NEW  YORK 
1922 


COPYRIGHT  1922  BY 

THE  AMERICAN  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 


Press  of  T.  R.  Mar\  i.\  it  Son,  Boston 


MGEITY  CENTER 
LIBRARY 


I 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

A CONTRIBUTION  TO  TARENTINE  NUMISMATICS 

By  M.  P.  Vlasto 

The  year  473  B.  C.  was  a disastrous  one 
for  Tarentum.  In  that  year,  we  learn 
from  Aristotle,^  although  they  were  sup- 
ported by  an  auxiliary  force  of  3000  Rhe- 
gians,  the  Tarentines  sustained  a crushing 
defeat  at  the  hands  of  the  Messapo-Iapy- 
ginians  and  the  Peuketians.  This  appall- 
ing reverse  took  place  not  far  from  where 
the  villages  of  Mottola  and  Gioja  del  Colle 
now  stand.  Perhaps  the  most  important 
result  was  a change  of  the  constitution  and 
the  establishment  of  a democracy.  This 
triumph  of  the  popular  party,  according 
to  Frangois  Lenormant,^  was  prompted  by 
the  Athenian  democratic  spirit  which, 
thirty  years  later,  was  to  be  so  strongly 
evident  in  Magna  Graecia,  after  the  foun- 
dation of  Thurium. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

2 

TAPAE  OIKISTH2 

It  has  long  been  supposed  that  this  dem- 
ocratic revolution  left  its  mark  in  the  Ta- 
rentine  coinage  of  the  period,  and  that  the 
first  issue  of  nomoi,^  exhibiting  on  their 
reverse  the  new  type  of  a seated  male  fig- 
ure, is  to  be  brought  into  relation  with  this 
institution  of  a democratic  form  of  govern- 
ment at  Tarentum. 

Raoul  Rochette,4  in  a learned  and  inter- 
esting paper  on  this  class  of  coins,  endeav- 
ored to  prove  that  the  seated  figure  could 
be  none  other  than  the  Demos,  or  imper- 
sonation of  the  Tarentine  people,  and  this 
identification,  although  incorrect,  has  held 
the  field  since  first  expressed  by  this  eru- 
dite French  numismatist  in  1833.  The 
three  accurate  platess  which  were  carefully 
engraved  and  published  with  his  paper, 
owing  to  new  types  which  have  since 
come  to  light,  are  now  inadequate. 

Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans  in  his  masterly  mon- 
ograph “The  Horsemen  of  Tarentum  ”,^| 
has  also  given  us,  so  far  as  the  scope  of 
his  work  would  allow,  an  excellent  chron- 
ological summary  of  this  class  of  coins. 
For  details,  however,  he  refers  the  reader 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  01KI2TH2 

3 

to  the  publication  by  Raoul  Rochette. 

It  is  with  this  long  neglected  and  very 
interesting  series  that  I am  here  proposing 
to  deal  at  some  length,  giving  a descrip- 
tion and  a tentatively  chronological  classifi- 
cation of  all  the  hitherto  known  die-com- 
binations. As  Rochette’s  essay  is  now 
out  of  print,  I believe  such  a work  will  be 
of  great  service  to  students  as  this  series 
includes  some  of  the  finest  products  of  the 
Tarentine  mint. 

Carelli,7  in  his  monumental  work,  though 
far  more  complete  than  Garrucci^  for  this 
class  of  coins,  is  often  inaccurate,  although 
some  of  his  results  are  very  beautiful. 9 
As  I hope  to  show,  many  of  his  engrav- 
ings are  misleading  and  untrustworthy. 
In  fact,  neither  the  engraver  of  Carelli’s 
plates,  nor  any  other  engraver,  can  suc- 
cessfully give  the  stylistic^®  differences  of 
the  original  coins  he  is  depicting.  His 
task  was  made  increasingly  difficult  be- 
cause most  of  the  specimens  of  this  series 
which  have  been  preserved  for  us,  are 
found,  owing  to  their  long  circulation,  in 
very  poor  condition  only.  Frequently, 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

4 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

i 

too,  they  are  imperfectly  struck.  A really 
fine,  well-centered  nomos  of  this  class  with 
both  types  complete  is  very  rare,  and  bril- 
liant specimens  in  fleur  de  coin  condition 
are  hardly  ever  to  be  seen.  Their  study, 
in  consequence,  is  surrounded  with  pecu- 
liar difficulties,  and  this  plea  is  offered  in 
extenuation  of  discrepancies  we  shall  find 
in  the  interpretations  of  the  accessory 
symbols  on  certain  rare  types  represented 
only  by  poorly  preserved  examples. 

Raoul  Rochette’s  theory  that  the  seated 
figure  was  no  other  than  the  Tarentine 
Demos,  is  now  rightly  discarded  by  the 
majority  of  numismatists”  since  the  con- 
troversy between  Mr.  E.  J.  Seltman”  and 
the  late  Mr.  J.  P.  Six^^  about  the  so-called 
“seated  Demos  of  Rhegium”.  Both  numis- 
matists, while  disagreeing  on  the  explana- 
tion of  this  Rhegian  coin-type,  rightlv 
recognized  that  at  Tarentum  the  seated 
figure  was  certainly  Taras,  the  eponymous 
founder  or  “oekist”,  expressly  designa- 
ted'4  by  the  inscription  TAPA^^  on  the 
architype  of  this  series.  They  agreed  to 
reject  “ the  Demos  theory  such  abstract 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

1 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

1 

5 

and  allegorical  figures  not  having  come 
into  use  earlier  than  the  fourth  century. 

Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans  wroted^  in  1889, 

Although  this  figure  has  with 
great  probability  been  regarded  as 
an  impersonation  of  'the  Tarentine 
Demos,  it  is  none  the  less  true  that 
this  personification  was  itself  assimila- 
ted to  the  idea  of  the  heroic  founder,” 
and  clearly  anticipated  the  above  conclu- 
sion which  tallies  with  the  opinion  ex- 
pressed by  the  late  Dr.  Head  in  the  first 
edition  of  his  famous  Historia  Numorum, 

(1887). 

The  existence  of  a pre-Hellenic  city,  at 
Tarentum,  before  the  arrival  of  the  Lace- 
daemonian colonists,  led  by  Phalanthos 
(circa  705  B.  C.),  may  today  be  consid- 
ered as  well  authenticated.  The  old  city 
of  the  native  Salentines  and  Messapo- 
lapygians  who  first  possessed  the  country, 
undoubtedly  received  at  a very  early  date 
a rather  important  Cretan  element  through 
colonization.^^ 

Ancient  tradition ^7  reports  that  Icadios, 
Apollo’s  son,  and  his  brother  lapyx,  had 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

6' 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

both  sailed  from  Crete  for  Italy.  lapyx 
after  his  safe  arrival  founded  the  lapygian 
colony.  Icadios  was  miraculously  saved 
from  shipwreck  by  a dolphin  on  whose 
back  he  came  to  the  Parnassos  shore. 
With  lapyx  had  also  landed  in  Italy, 
Satyra,  the  daughter  of  Minos,  and  the 
eponymous  local  nymph  of  Saturium.  Be- 
loved by  Poseidon,  she  gave  birth  to  Taras, 
the  heroic  native  founder  or  “oekisf’of 
Tarentum.  Taras  also  gave  his  name  to 
a small  river  which  runs  into  the  sea  to 
the  west  of  Mare  Piccolo.  It  is  known 
even  today  under  the  name  Tara.  Local 
tradition  adds  that  Taras,  after  reigning 
for  many  years,  fell  by  accident  into  this 
river  while  offering  a sacrifice  to  his  father, 
Poseidon.  The  Taren tines,  unable  to  nnd 
his  body  and  believing  that  Taras  had  left 
them  in  order  to  rejoin  his  father,  imme- 
diately bestowed  on  him  Divine  Honors  of 
Heroization.  On  his  death,  according  to 
the  Greek  custom,  the  oiKiarrjs  of  each  col- 
ony was  worshipped  as  a hero,  and  games 
were  often  instituted  in  his  honor. 

Prof.  Studniczka,  in  his  brilliant  mono- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

7 

graph  ‘‘Kyrene”  (1890),  maintains  that 
throughout  the  Tarentine  coinage,  the 
legend  TAPA^  refers  to  the  mint  rather 
than  to  the  type,  and  that  the  hero  riding 
the  dolphin  is  Phalanthos,  the  historical 
oekist  of  Tarentum.  This  theory  is  in  har- 
mony with  the  lines  of  Pausanias  (lib.  x, 
ch.  13): 

“ For  before  Phalanthus  reached 
Italy  they  say  that  he  was  cast  away 
in  the  Ciis^an  Sea,  and  was  brought 
to  land  by  a dolphin.”  (Frazer’s 
Translation,  Vol.  V,  p.  519). 

This  identification  is  shared  by  Mr. 
Aubrey  Gwyn,  a firm  believer  in  the  value 
of  local  tradition,  in  his  very  remarkable 
paper ^9  ‘‘  The  Character  of  Greek  Coloni- 
zation.” However,  Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans, 
whose  opinion  is  always  entitled  to  great 
weight  prefers  in  accordance  with  Pollux 
quoting  Aristotle,  to  call  the  dolphin  rider 
“ Taras  ”.  I cannot  presume  to  enter  into 
a discussion  of  the  value  of  the  arguments 
adduced  on  either  side,  but  for  the  early 
Tarentine  coinage  new  data  will  be  pre- 
sented in  the  course  of  this  study.  These 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

8 

TAP  A 2 OIK12TH2 

s 

i 

1 

1 

t 

t 

1 

! 

lead  me  to  prefer  Prof.  Studniczka’s  theory. 
After  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  century, 
when  the  dolphin  rider  is  first  represented 
on  coins  in  a boyish  form  more  appropri- 
ate to  the  youthful  Taras,  it  is  more  cau- 
tious to  follow  Sir  Arthur  Evans  and  M. 
E.  Babelon.20  It  is,  however,  impossible 
to  decide  where  and  when  Phalanthos  ends 
and  Taras  begins.  Divine  honors  were 
paid  to  both  heroes  and  in  early  days  they 
were  probably  confused  under  the  same 
worship.  I therefore  venture  to  recognize 
on  the  so-called  “democratic  ” series  : Pha- 
lanthos, the  historic  founder  of  Tarentum 
astride  on  the  dolphin,  opposed  to  the 
seated  Taras,  the  mythic  oidaTvs,  just  as 
we  shall  later  find  them  similarly  opposed 
on  certain  subsequent  “horsemen”.^' 
Taras  and  Phalanthos,  as  it  might  be  pre- 
sumed, are  thus  both  worthily  commemo- 
rated on  this  beautiful  series  of  coins. 

Taras,  the  seated  oekist,  is  portrayed 
in  varied  aspects  showing  his  intimate  as- 
sociation with  the  city  he  has  founded. 
As  a hero,  he  appears  seated  holding  out 
a kantharos  (PI.  I),  and  his  heroic  char- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

9 

acter  in  one  case  is  emphasized  by  the  in- 
troduction of  a sepulchral  altar  in  front  of 
him  (Type  33).  As  the  founder  and  or- 
ganizer of  a hereditary  monarchy  which 
was  to  be  continued  for  a few  years  after 
the  end  of  the  sixth  century,  we  shall  find 
him  holding  the  royal  staff  (Type  50).  As 
an  active  agent  and  as  creator  of  the  com- 
munity’s industrial  pursuits,  he  is  fre- 
quently represented  holding  the  wool  dis- 
taff, a reference  to  the  famous  Tarentine 
textile  industry  (Pis.  II-VII).  In  other 
instances,  he  is  depicted  as  an  ephebos  in- 
dulging in  the  pleasures  of  youth  (Pis. 
VIII,  XII  and  XIII).  As  the  son  of  Po- 
seidon, he  holds  the  trident  — a sign  of  his 
maritime  power  (Types  9 to  9B,  and  15); 
and  when  grouped  with  the  panther,  he 
appears  closely  akin  to  the  Chthonic  Dion- 
ysos^2  always  connected  at  Tarentum  with 
the  heroized  departed  (Pis.  IX-XI).  En 
resume,  Taras  appears  as  the  embodiment 
of  the  race;  and  in  honoring  their  cekist, 
the  Tarentines  did  little  more  than  give 
full  scope  to  their  religious  faith  and  civic 
pride. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

10 

TAPAS  0IKI:ETH2 

DATING  AND  CLASSIFICATION. 

Owing  to  the  absence  of  dependable 
historic  data,  an  arrangement  into  defi- 
nite chronological  periods  for  the  Oekists 
(as  for  convenience  the  writer  proposes  to 
call  this  class  of  Tarentine  Nomoi)  is 
an  extremely  difficult  undertaking.  As 
already  noted  Sir  Arthur  Evans  has  given 
the  following  chronological  summary  di- 
viding them  into  three  main  categories  : 

Class  I. — Of  Archaic  character  (guil- 
loche  border)  B.  C.  473-466. 

Class  II. — The  seated  Demos  surround- 
ed b}^  a wreath.  B.  C.  466-460. 

Class  III. — Alternated  with  early  eques- 
trian types.  B.  C.  460  to  c.  420. 

Dr.  Head  in  his  second  edition  of  His- 
tona  Niimorum  accepts  this  dating  but  Dr. 
K.  Regling23  prefers  to  divide  the  Oekists 
into  only  two  distinct  periods. 

I. — From  473  to  450  B.  C. 

II! — From  420  to  400  B.  C. 
and  even  dates  as  low  as  the  third  century 
B.  C.,  a nomos  of  this  class,  of  abnormally 
low  weight,  formerly  in  the  Warren  col- 
lection.^4 

N U A[  I S M A T I C NO  T E S 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

1 1 

The  writer  hopes  to  bring  forward  seri- 
ous considerations  to  show  that  the  oekists 
do  not  form,  as  generally  assumed,  a sin- 
gle and  continuous  issue,  alternating  with 
the  first  equestrian  types,  as  shown  by  Sir 
Arthur  Evans,  but  that  from  the  very  be- 
ginning of  their  issue  they  were  alternated 
and  often  struck  simiultaneously  with  other 
early  Tarentine  nomoi  presenting  on  the 
reverse  die,  opposed  to  the  youthful  hero 
astride  on  the  dolphin,  various  types  which 
were  struck  in  more  than  one  atelier  of  the 
ancient  Tarentine  mjint.  After  the  first 
issue  of  the  excessively  rare  Tarentine  in- 
cuse nomoi,  minted  for  commerce  with  the 
Achffian  cities  of  Magna  Graecia,  the 
chronological  order  of  the  subsequent 
double  relief  series  is  reasonably  certain. ^5 
We  are,  however,  still  ignorant  of  the  exact 
duration  of  the  issues  exhibiting  in  turn 
on  their  reverse,  the  wheel,  the  hippo- 
camp,  the  archaic  head  of  Taras  or  of  his 
mother  the  local  nyrrph  Satyra.  The  last 
types  of  one  group  and  the  earliest  of  an- 
other invariably  overlap. 

The  evidence  of  finds,  the  study  of  the 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

12 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

j 

i 

i 

i 

1 

1 

various  dies,  the  close  comparison  of  style, 
fabric  and  epigraphy  of  each  of  the  above 
types,  shows,  in  the  writer’s  opinion,  that 
many  nomoi  with  these  varied  reverses 
were  often  issued  simultaneously  and  for 
a longer  period  than  has  been  recognized 
hitherto. 

The  date  of  issue  of  several  of  the  latest 
nomoi  with  the  wheel,  hippocamp,  male  or 
female  head  reverses,  must  be  brought 
down  almost  to  the  middle  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, i.  e.  about  thirty-five  years  after  the 
appearance  of  the  first  oekist.  This  I 
hope  to  show  was  struck  at  the  latest  c. 
485  B.  C.  Indeed  when  we  find  the  in- 
scription TAPA^  on  nomoi  exhibiting  the 
wheel,^^  hippocamp,27  or  juvenile  head,^^ 
of  late  archaic  or  even  early  transitional 
style,  denoting  issues  later  than  c.  473  B.  C. 
(the  cable  border  or  early  double  circle 
enclosing  a ring  of  beads  or  pellets  having 
given  way  to  the  plain  beaded  ring),  we 
are  fully  authorized  to  date  the  issue  of 
these  coins  man}^  years  after  the  earliest 
seated  oekists  of  pure  archaic  style  (in- 
scribed capiat?  surrounded  by  a cable 

1 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

13 

border  in  conformity  with  the  early  incuse 
coinage,  c.  550-520  B.  C.),  or  the  first  ar- 
chaic hippocamp  nomoi  struck  about  510 

B.  C. 

In  this  paper  it  is  my  purpose  to  sup- 
plement the  work  of  Raoul  Rochette.  In 
order  to  secure  many  of  the  facts  that  I 
have  been  able  to  collect,  I have  ransacked 
every  available  source  of  information,  in- 
cluding old  and  recent  sale  catalogues, 
pamphlets  and  monographs,  not  neglect- 
ing several  rather  obsolete  numismatic 
works  now  rarely  consulted. 

Owing  to  the  kindness  of  the  keepers  of 
public  cabinets  and  of  private  collectors  to 
whom  my  sincerest  thanks  are  extended,  I 
have  been  able  to  bring  together  casts  of 
a large  number  of  oekists.  This  assem- 
blage, without  purporting  to  be  considered 
as  a corpus,  has  some  fair  claim  to  being  as 
nearly  as  possible  complete  and  up  to 
date. 

The  following  public  and  private  cabi- 
nets in  which  oekists  are  represented  have 
been  personally  visited,  when  possible,  or 
consulted  for  the  present  study  : 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

14 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

Athens  (National  Numismatic  Museum) ; 
Aberdeen  University  (Anthropological 
Museum) ; Bari  (Museo  Archeologico 
Provinciale) ; Berlin  (Kaiser  Friedrich 
Museum) ; Bologna  (Medagliere  Univer- 
sitario) ; Boston  (Museum  of  Fine  Arts) ; 
Brussels  (Cabinet  des  Medailles) ; Mr. 
Clarence  S.  Bement  (Philadelphia,  Pa.) ; 
Mr.  W.  Gedney  Beatty  (New  York) ; 
Cambridge  (Fitzwilliam  Museum) ; Cam- 
bridge (Corpus  Christi  College) ; Copen- 
hagen (Royal  Numismatic  Cabinet) ; Mr. 
Claudius  Cote  (Lyons) ; Sir  Arthur  J. 
Evans  (Oxford) ; Dr.  Walther  Giesicke 
(Leipzig) ; Glasgow  (Hunter  Collection)  ; 
Gotha  (Munzkabinett  d.  Herzogl.  Hauses) ; 
Marquis  Roberto  Ginori  (Florence) ; Mr. 
R.  Jameson  (Paris) ; London  (British  Mu- 
seum) ; Mr.  de  Loye  (Nimes)  ; Mr.  P. 
Mathey  (Paris) ; Mr.  J.  Mavrogordato 
(Hove) ; Milano  (Brera — Medagliere  Mi- 
lanese) ; Munich  (Munzkabinett) ; Naples 
(Museo  Nazionale  — Santangelo  and  Stev- 
ens Collections) ; New  York  (American 
Numismatic  Society) ; New  York  (Metro- 
politan Museum) ; Mr.  E.  T.  Newell  (New 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  A 2 OIKI2TH2 

15 

York) ; Prof.  Sir  Charles  Oman  (Oxford) ; 
Paris  (Cabinet  des  Medailles  — inch  De 
Luynes  Collection) ; Parma  (Regio  Mu- 
seo) ; Mr.  Picard  (Paris) ; the  late  Dr.  S. 
Pozzi  (Paris) ; Mr.  E.  S.  G.  Robinson 
(London) ; Viscount  de  Sartiges  (Paris) ; 
Torino  (Medagliere  del  Re) ; Vienna 
(Kunsthistorisches  Hofmuseum) ; Prince 
of  Waldeck  (Arolsen) ; Winterthur  (Mu- 
see  Civique) ; Mr.  E.  P.  Warren  (Lewes) ; 
the  late  Sir  Herman  Weber  (London). 

I regret  that  the  learned  keeper  of  the 
Taranto  Museum,  Cav.  Quintino  Quagli- 
ati,  has  been  unable  to  send  me  casts  of 
the  oekists  included  in  the  very  important 
collection  under  his  care.  I have  particu- 
lar pleasure  in  expressing  in  these  lines  my 
sincerest  indebtedness  to  Mr.  Sydney  P. 
Noe,  the  Secretary  of  the  American  Nu- 
mismatic Society  who  has  read  the  proofs 
of  this  article  and  given  me  invaluable 
help  in  securing  many  important  casts 
which  I had  been  unable  to  obtain. 

In  my  attempts  to  distribute  the  oekists 
into  successive  chronological  divisions,  I 
have  always  taken  into  account  the  inval- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i6 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

uable  evidence  supplied  by  finds  which 
have  come  to  my  knowledge  during  the 
last  twenty-five  years,  in  the  course  of 
repeated  visits  to  Southern  Italy  and  Ta- 
ranto itself.  Unfortunately,  for  obvious 
reasons,  this  evidence,  which  should  always 
supply  the  safest  and  best  data  for  fixing 
any  chronological  succession,  must,  now- 
adays, be  weighed  with  greatest  cau- 
tion. Dealers  or  detainers  of  coin-hoards 
are  invariably  inclined  to  conceal  the  real 
circumstances  of  finds,  and  rarely  take  the 
trouble  to  note  their  composition  before 
their  dispersal.  They  always  prefer  to 
give  unreliable  or  even  misleading  infor- 
mation, in  order  to  avoid  trouble  with  the 
authorities,  thus  depriving  science  of  in- 
valuable assistance.  ^9 

The  epigraphic  evidence  supplied  by 
Tar en turn’s  early  coinage,  although  very 
valuable,  must  also  be  taken  into  account 
rather  cautiously  and  given  weight  only 
when  supplemented  by  the  evidence  of 
style  and  fabric.  We  find,  for  instance,  on 
some  of  the  early  incuse  nomoi,  the  form 
^AHAT  on  the  obverse  associated  with 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

17 

T A R A ^ on  the  reverse  of  the  same  coin 
on  others, 3 1 of  extreme  rarity  and  of  some- 
what later  style, ^ A R AT  figuring  on  either 
side.  On  the  subsequent  double  relief 
series  the  forms  of  letters  and  direction  of 
inscriptions  appear  often  to  vary  at  ran- 
dom on  unquestionably  contemporary  is- 
sues32  and  even  on  the  obverse  and  reverse 
of  the  same  coins,  probably  according  to 
the  degree  of  instruction,  the  fancy  or  the 
origin  of  the  engravers.  This  condition  is 
present  on  the  succeeding  series  as  well, 
even  down  to  315  B.  C.,  when  we  find  on 
a gold  drachm  or  half  stater  the  inscrip- 
tion AS  AT  retrograde. 33 

This  series  is  made  simpler  by  the  fact 
that  with  three  exceptions,  the  obverse 
type  is  the  irapdaTjfjiov,  Phalanthos,  astride 
on  the  dolphin.  Later  we  shall  see  how 
he  comes  to  be  confused  with  Taras.  Very 
often  the  same  obverse  die  is  used  with 
several  reverse  dies.  At  other  times  the 
same  reverse  die  will  be  utilized  with  a 
new  obverse  die  but  such  cases  are  very 
rare  owing  to  the  greater  wear  upon  re- 
verse dies.  The  rather  long  and  continued 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i8 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

service  of  certain  obverse  dies  allows  us  to 
determine  with  certainty  the  chronologi- 
cal succession  of  the  reverses  combined 
with  them,  using  the  state  of  wear  shown 
or  the  progression  of  breaks  or  defects  as 
criteria. 

In  fact,  that  the  die  criterion  is  the  saf- 
est and  most  conclusive  in  any  tentative 
chronological  arrangement,  has  been  fully 
demonstrated  by  the  notable  results  ob- 
tained by  such  able  numismatists  as 
Messrs.  P.  Gardner,  G.  F.  Hill,  Sir  Arthur 
Evans,  Prof.  K.  Regling,  Messrs.  J.  Mavro- 
gordato,  C.  T.  Seltman,  Miss  Agnes  Bald- 
win and,  foremost  of  all,  by  Prof.  Tudeer 
and  Mr.  E.  T.  Newell. 

Unfortunately  the  bad  preservation  of 
most  of  the  existing  oekists  renders  the 
die  comparisons  somewhat  delicate,  though 
long  numismatic  experience  can  nearly 
always  make  the  necessary  allowances  for 
wear  in  circulation  or  defective  striking. 

Chronological  conclusions  based  on  style 
considerations  are  also  very  important 
when  applied  to  the  oekists.  They  were 
first  issued  when  the  finest  archaic  Ionian 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2THS 

19 

art,  imported  during  the  aristocratic  rule 
at  Tarentum,  was  flourishing  in  Magna 
Graecia.  They  were  struck  down  to  c. 
400  B.  C.,  when  the  truly  Tarentine  art 
was  beginning  to  attain  its  freest  and  most 
congenial  development.  The  gradual  va- 
riations of  style  displayed  on  the  oekist 
series  are  very  remarkable,  but  we  quickly 
observe,  as  with  other  contemporary  is- 
sues,34  that  the  finest  types  with  the 
seated  oekist  of  purely  Grecian  style  (viz. 
the  master  dies)  have  been  copied,  time 
after  time,  by  contemporary  indigenous 
engravers  of  very  unequal  capacity  and 
often  in  a rather  poor  style.  These  are 
characteristic  examples  of  the  uneven 
work  to  be  found  in  other  Magna  Grecian 
mints  even  during  the  best  period.  This  is 
proved  by  the  evidence  of  several  finds, 
and  is  in  agreement  with  the  opinion  ex- 
pressed by  Sir  Arthur  Evans  in  his  paper 
“ The  Artistic  Engravers  of  Terina”  {Num. 
Chron.,  1912).  In  other  instances,  several 
types  of  oekists  have  been  coarsely  imi- 
tated in  a very  barbarous  style  by  the 
‘‘  Mixo-Barbari  ”,  avery  appropriate  name 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

20 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

for  the  indigenous  Messapo-Iapygian  and 
Peuketian  borderers.  Not  having  any 
coinage  of  their  own,  they  struck  barbar- 
ous imitations  of  the  Tarentine  issues  from 
the  very  beginning  of  the  double  relief 
series, 35  probably  at  Lupia  or  Sallentium. 
Reference  will  be  made  to  all  the  plated 
oekists  I have  been  able  to  trace  and  I 
shall  describe  them  at  the  end  of  each 
group  of  the  normal  series  to  which  they 
belong. 

Finally  I shall  also  include  in  my  cata- 
logue a few  other  extremely  rare  plated 
oekists,  which  through  their  artless  and 
unintelligent  design  betray  the  work  of 
ancient  forgers.  These  forgeries  are  gen- 
erally a combination  of  the  obverse  and 
reverse  types  belonging  to  two  different 
issues.  They  are  real  ‘‘mules  ” and  they 
supply  us  with  valuable  help  in  dating  sev- 
eral normal  series. 

I am  fully  aware  that  the  chronological 
succession  proposed  in  this  paper  for  the 
various  types  of  the  seated  oekist,  can  at 
some  points  be  but  tentative  and  conjectu- 
ral. Many  time-limits  are  quite  arbitrary 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

2 I 

and  when  venturing  to  determine  new  dat- 
ings in  contradiction  to  those  hitherto 
holding  the  field,  it  should  be  understood 
that  the  author  does  not  make  for  them 
any  claim  to  finality.  He  will  feel  entirely 
satisfied  if  the  present  undertaking  proves 
useful  for  the  further  investigation  and 
study  of  a long  neglected  series  of  coins. 
From  an  artistic  standpoint  this  series 
offers  us  in  a compendious  form,  a brief 
but  invaluable  record  of  the  formation  and 
progression  of  Tarentine  art  during  the 
fifth  century. 

As  most  of  the  oekists  are  rare,  I have 
given  under  each  type  the  list  of  all  speci- 
mens known  to  me  struck  from  the  same 
combination  of  dies,  without  pretending 
to  quote  all  extant  examples  especially  for 
the  commoner  types.  When  selecting 
specimens  to  figure  on  the  plates  I have 
always  taken  the  finest  procurable  and, 
when  necessary,  given  the  photograph  of 
more  than  one  example,  in  order  to  give  a 
complete  representation  of  any  particu- 
larly rare  type  hitherto  inaccurately  de- 
scribed. Whenever  possible  I have  noted 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

22 

TAPAS  OIKI2THS 

the  weight,  size  and  provenance,  such  in- 
formation often  helping  to  identify  a coin 
previously  published  by  other  authors. 

With  regard  to  the  chronological  arrange- 
ment followed  in  the  course  of  the  present 
study  I have  divided,  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venience, the  issues  of  the  Tarentine  oe- 
kists  into  four  main  Periods  summarized 
within  their  approximately  chronological 
limits,  as  follows : 

I.  — Of  archaic  style  (showing  the  influ- 
ence of  early  Ionian  and  Spartan  sculp- 
ture), B.  C.  c.  485-473* 

II.  — Of  late  archaic  to  early  transitional 
style  (influence  of  Pythagoras  of  Rhegium) 
B.  C.  c.  473-460. 

III.  — Of  transitional  to  early  fine  style 
(influence  of  Peloponnesian  and  early  Attic 
sculpture),  B.  C.  c.  460-443. 

IV.  — Of  early  fine  style  to  period  of  fin- 
est art  (Attic  influence  of  Pheidian  sculp- 
ture and  pictorial  influence  of  Zeuxis), 
B.  C.  c.  443-400. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

23 

^ PERIOD  I 

Before  c.  B.  C.  485. 

(Refined  Early  Archaic  Style.) 

Type  No.  1 'JP 

TAP*  (reading  inwardly  ^ in  f.  to  L). 

Taras  with  pointed  beard,  hair  bound  with 
fillet,  behind  globular  ear,  and  falling  be- 
hind the  nape  of  the  neck  in  queue  ending 
in  a knot.  The  eye  is  represented  as  if 
in  full  face.  He  is  wrapped  in  a close  fit- 
ting himation,  leaving  bare  his  left  breast, 
right  arm,  and  part  of  his  back  behind 
which  falls  the  end  of  his  garment.  He 
is  seated  r.  on  a four  legged  stool  (5t>pos), 
holding  in  his  right  extended  hand  by  the 
handle  a very  large  kantharos,  and  in  his 
left  a distaff  twined  with  wool.  His  feet 
are  represented,  side  by  side,  both  soles 
resting  flat  on  the  exergue  which  is  formed 
by  dots  between  two  thin  lines.  Cable 
or  guilloche  border  ornamented  with  dots. 

^ASAT  (reading  inwardly  in  f. 

to  1.).  Phalanthos  naked,  hair  bound  with 
fillet,  the  eye,  almond  shape,  drawn  facing. 

^ A 

\S  " 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

24 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

He  is  seated  on  dolphin  r.,  both  arms  ex- 
tended, the  left  below  the  right,  both  hands 
with  palms  downwards.  Beneath,  a large 
cockle-shell  {Pecten  jacobceus),  the  hinge 
downwards.  Border  of  dots  between  two 
plain  circles.  Slightly  concave  field. 

a.  Naples.  25.5/26  mm.  8.05  gr.  Museo 

PL.  I Naz.  Fiorelli  No.  1800.  Garrucci 

xcvii.  17.  cf.  L.  Sambon  Recherches 
sur  les  Monnaies  de  la  Presqu  He  Itali- 
que  (1870)  p.  239,  No.  23  ; cf.  A.  Sam- 
bon, Rassegna  Numismatica,  Anno  XI, 
4.  p.  7. 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  Al  26/26  mm.  6.97  gr.  (be- 

PL.  I.  fore  cleaning,  this  nomos  weighed  8.12 

gr.).  Found  at  Taranto  (1910). 

[The  reverse  die  is  fractured  near  dol- 
phin’s tail  and  opposite  Phalanthos’  ex- 
tended arms  on  border.] 

Type  No*  I A 

TAf^A^  (T  Same  type, 

but  smaller  and  of  imitative  poor  style. 
Cable  border  reversed. 

A4AT  (Tin  f.  to  1.).  Same  type, 
but  the  fixing  of  arms  to  sides  reversed. 
a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  Al  plated.  22/23  inm.  7.10 
PL,  I.  gr.  From  the  R.  Jameson  coll,  (ex  A. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

25 

J.  Evans  coll.).  Num.  Chron.,  1889, 
pi.  I,  7 and  Burlington  Fine  Arts’  Club 
Exhibition  Cat.  (Ancient  Greek  Art) , 
1904,  pi.  ci,  21). 

h.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  plated.  22/23  rnm,  6.90 

gr.  (chisel  cut,  the  bronze  core  visible 
on  both  sides) . 

Type  No.  i.  This  beautiful  and,  in  my 
experience,  all  but  unique  nomos,  was  pub- 
lished by  Fiorelli^^  when  describing  briefly 
the  splendid  example  in  the  Naples  cabi- 
net. Garrucci  in  his  inaccurate  engrav- 
ing37  of  the  same  coin,  as  usual,  alters  the 
exquisite  archaic  purity  and  delicacy  of 
the  original.  This  coin  is  an  admirable 
example  of  all  that  is  finest  in  Grasco- 
lonian  archaic  art,  and  certainly  one  of 
the  masterpieces  of  Magna  Graecia’s  early 
coinage. 

The  obverse  of  the  specimen  that  I am 
fortunate  in  possessing,  owing  to  its  worn 
condition  strongly  recalls  several  beautiful 
early  grave  stelas.  Sir  Arthur  Evans  has 
rightly  pointed  out  in  his  famous  mono- 
graph,3^  the  striking  parallelism  between 
the  earliest  oekists  of  this  type  and  the 
old  Spartan  sepulchral39  reliefs  on  which 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

26 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

the  heroized  deceased  holding  out  a kan- 
tharos,4°  is  represented  seated  upon  a sim- 
ilar throne,  alone  or  with  his  wife.  In  fact 
Type  No.  i gives  us  the  key  of  the  mean- 
ing of  this  new  type. 

The  seated,  Dionysos-like  figure  can 
represent  only  the  heroized  Taras,  the  tra- 
ditional or  heroic  founder  {olKLaT'qs)  of  Ta- 
rentum.  The  kantharos  held  in  his  hand, 
which  Rochette  regarded  as  allusive  to 
to  the  Tarentine  vintage,^*  certainly  stands 
here  as  the  visible  emblem  of  heroization. 
The  distaff,  with  spirally  twisted  wool, 
although  it  refers  to  this  Tarentine  indus- 
try,42  can  also  be  explained  by  its  Chthonic 
connections, 43  emphasizing  here  the  sepul- 
chral significance  of  the  new  type. 

The  archaic  style  displayed  on  this  re- 
markable coin  type  at  once  strikes  us  as  a 
combination  of  Ionian  and  Spartan  art. 
One  feels  the  tradition  of  the  refined  early 
Ionian  art  of  the  end  of  the  sixth  century, 
in  the  conventional  delicacy  of  design  and 
the  skill  in  rendering  the  formal  folds  of 
the  drapery.  On  the  other  hand  the  huge 
and  disproportionate  kantharos,  the  severe 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

27 

and  rather  stiff  attitude  of  the  seated 
Taras  reminds  us  strongly  of  the  early 
Peloponnesian  influence.  The  bearded 
head44  of  the  heroized  oekist,  with  its  early 
Laconian  head-dress,  recalls  the  well  known 
life  size  bronze  Head  of  a Warrior ,45  from 
the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  of  ^ginetan  art, 
and  must  also  be  compared  to  the  beauti- 
ful head  of  Zeus4^  of  Olympia,  also  belong- 
ing to  the  last  years  of  the  sixth  century. 

The  quite  exceptional  position  of  the 
heroized  Taras  on  the  obverse  die  relegat- 
ing the  city-arms  to  the  reverse,  the  un- 
usual size  of  the  well-spread  flan,  and  its 
thin  plate-like  fabric,  the  accurate  neat- 
ness of  both  borders  enclosing  the  types, 
the  design  of  the  exergue,47  and  above  all 
the  extreme  rarity  of  this  master  die,  sin- 
gle out  this  splendid  nomos  as  the  proto- 
type of  the  oekist  series.  The  explanation 
of  the  somewhat  late  archaic  character  of 
some  of  the  letters  of  the  inscriptions  may 
be  due  to  the  foreign  origin  of  the  engraver, 
a true  artist,  possibly  of  Ionian  birth. 

The  reverse  die  exhibits  Phalanthos, 
both  hands  extended,  the  palms  turned 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

28 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

downward  in  suppliant  guise.  This  type, 
slightly  modified,  had  made  its  first  ap- 
pearance on  three  very  rare  nomoi,^^  with 
the  wheel  reverse,  the  latest  of  which  can- 
not have  been  struck  much  later  than  c. 
500  B.  C.  It  is  also  frequently  associated 
with  the  hippocamp  reverse  on  nomoi  of 
transitional  style, ^9  struck  c.  473-460  B.  C. 

On  purely  numismatic  grounds,  and 
taking  into  account  also  morphological 
considerations,  we  can  date  the  issue  of 
type  No.  I before  476  B.  C.  close  to  the 
time  the  unique  tetradrachm  of  ^tna 
was  struck  [cf.  Hill,  Coins  of  Sicily,  pi. 
IV,  13],  and  a few  years  later  than  the  issue 
of  the  also  unique,  but  plated,  stater  of 
Peparethos,  exhibiting  Dionysos,  or  rather 
Staphylos,  his  heroized  son  seated  on  a 
diphros,  which  strongly  recalls  the  first 
Tarentine  oekist.  The  dating  proposed 
by  Mr.  W.  Wroth, 5°  490-380  B.  C.,  for 
all  the  early  silver  coinage  of  Pepare- 
thos must,  I believe,  be  revised  and 
placed  twenty-five  years  earlier  on  the 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  a stater  of 
Peparethos5*  (as  Wroth,  pi.  V,  8 with  the 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

29 

obverse  die  recut)  in  the  19  ii  Taranto 
find.  M.  E.  Babelon  has  dated  the  de- 
posit of  this  hoard  in  which  incuse  Syba- 
rite coins  fresh  from  the  mint  occurred  in 
great  abundance,  c.  507  B.  C.,  a very  few 
years  after  the  overthrow  of  Sybaris.  The 
much  too  late  date  of  473  B.  C.,  hitherto 
proposed  by  all  numismatists,  had  been 
accepted  only  in  order  to  bring  the  appear- 
ance of  a new  Tarentine  type  into  relation 
with  the  institution  of  the  new  democratic 
form  of  government,  which  took  place  in 
the  year  473  B.  C.  and  thus  presumably 
confirm  the  seated  Demos  theory.  There 
is  no  doubt,  in  the  writer’s  opinion,  that 
Sir  Arthur  Evans,  who  has  accepted  this 
late  dating,  must  have  been  somewhat 
misled  by  the  rather  uneven  style  of  the 
example  of  this  type  then  possessed  by 
him52  [pi.  I,  No.  lA.  a and  Horsemen”, 

pi.  I,  7]. 

Type  No.  lA.  This  nomos  is  only  a 
plated  coin,  a rather  weak  and  sketchy 
imitation  of  No.  i,  the  work  of  an  indige- 
nous forger  probably  of  Messapo-Iapygian 
birth.  All  the  archaic  refinement  and 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

30 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

beauty  of  style  displayed  on  the  master 
die,  have  disappeared  on  this  plated  imi- 
tation. A glance  at  Plate  I will  show 
how  most  of  the  details  of  the  origi- 
nal have  been  carelessly  copied  by  the 
forger.  The  elegant  fold  of  the  himation’s 
end,  falling  behind  the  back  of  the  seated 
oekist,  is  now  only  indicated  by  a rough 
line  and  all  other  details  are,  more  or  less, 
neglected.  The  reverse  is  also  very  awk- 
wardly drawn,  the  position  of  the  hero’s 
arms  impossible  and  reversed.  All  the 
splendid  equipoise  of  the  original  is  ruined. 
The  legends  of  Type  No.  i,  TAf^A^  and 
^ AS  AT,  are  copied  TAI^A^  and  A1AT, 
the  final  ^ suppressed  on  the  reverse  for 
want  of  space. 

Taking  the  above  into  consideration  I 
cannot  accept  such  a late  date  as  473  B.  C. 
for  the  first  appearance  of  the  seated 
oekist  in  the  early  Tarentine  coinage,  and 
I trust  I shall  not  greatly  err  in  assigning 
to  Type  No.  i,  the  approximate  date  of 
before  c.  485. 

Mr.  Arthur  Sambon,  in  a short  paperS3 
concerning  the  Metapontine  Acheloos  di- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  A 2 OIKI2TH2 

31 

drachm, 54  expresses  the  opinion  that,  at 
Metapontum,  the  use  of  the  cable  or  guil- 
loche  border  was  continued  until  470  B.  C. 
This  border,  at  Tarentum,  is  always  found 
on  the  early  incuse  issues  [c.  550-515  B.  C.], 
for  which  I cannot  see  my  way  clear  to 
accept  the  much  too  late  dates  of  c.  515- 
500  B.  C.,  proposed  lately  by  the  same 
learned  numismatist,  in  his  otherwise  very 
valuable  paper  on  Magna  Grsecia’s  incuse 
coinage.55  It  is  well  ascertained,  in  my 
opinion,  that  the  coinage  introduced  at 
Tarentum  during  the  middle  of  the  sixth 
century,  was  from  the  very  start  an  im- 
portation of  fully-formed  Grseco-Ionian 
art,  and  that  the  earliest  incuse  coins  were 
not  of  primitive  and  rude  style,  but  of  care- 
ful and  masterly  work.5^  The  cable  border 
only  very  exceptionally 5 7 figures  on  the 
“wheel”  Tarentine  nomoi,  struck  from  c. 
520-500  B.  C.,  for  local  circulation,  about 
ten  years  before  the  cessation  of  the  incuse 
series.  The  usual  border  for  the  earliest 
nomoi  of  this  type  is  a raised  band  orna- 
mented with  dots58  g^j2d  on  the  latest  issues 
of  this  class,  after  c.  500,  the  raised  bor- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

32 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

der  gives  place  to  an  ordinary  dotted  cir- 
cle. 59  The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  hip- 
pocamp  series  and  there  is  no  doubt  that 
the  cable  border  wholly  disappears  at  Ta- 
rentum  before  473  B.  C.,  about  ten  years 
earlier  than  at  Metapontum. 

Various  explanations^®  have  been  given 
to  elucidate  the  choice  of  the  cable  border 
which  was  so  popular  on  the  early  incuse 
coinage  of  Southern  Italy.  Mr.  W.  Deonna, 
the  well-known  archaeologist  has,  I believe, 
found^^  the  best  interpretation  of  this 
highly  ornamental  border  which  can  be 
traced  to  primitive  Assyrian  art,  and  even 
when  applied  on  purely  numismatic  ground, 
“ Cest  un  symbole  religieux  sans  doute  pro- 
phylactique  ”.  The  cable  border  would 
thus  have  the  same  purport  and  meaning 
on  Magna  Graecia’s  early  coinage  as  the 
swastika  on  the  coins  of  the  Thraco-Mace- 
donian  coast,  Corinth  and  Sicily,  if  we  are 
to  accept  the  new  and  remarkable  explana- 
tion of  this  symbol,  given  by  Mr.  J.  N. 
Svoronos,  in  his  very  able  and  important 
but  much  discussed,  paper  ‘‘  L’Hellenisme 
Primitif  de  la  Macedoine”. The  cable 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

33 

border  considered  as  a religious  apotro- 
paion  is  a most  becoming  frame  for  the 
architype  of  the  heroized  oekist. 

The  chronological  arrangement  of  the 
succeeding  group  of  oekists,  is  fixed  by  the 
regular  concatenation  of  the  dies.  This 
group  exhibits  the  same  archaic  character- 
istics as  the  earlier  version  of  the  heroized 
Taras.  The  seated  oekist  is  however  now 
relegated  to  the  reverse  die.  The  style 
displayed  in  this  group  is  very  uneven 
and  typical  of  the  remarkable  artistic  fall- 
ing back  soon  after  500  B.  C.,  also  to  be 
found  in  other  mints  outside  of  Tarentum. 
It  is  probably  the  result  of  the  anarchical 
spirit  then  prevailing  in  consequence  of  the 
unavoidable  interference  of  indigenous 
elements  which  it  was  often  necessary  to 
tolerate.  This  artistic  confusion  lasted 
several  years  at  Tarentum  during  the  long 
struggle  with  her  Messapo-Iapygian  and 
Peuketian  neighbors.  I would  assign  to 
the  present  early  issue  of  oekists  the  ap- 
proximate dates  of  c.  480-473  B.  C, 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

34 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

B.  C.  c.  480-473.  (Group  I). 

(Archaic  Style.) 

Type  No.  2 

^A^AT  i/'  in  f.  to  1.).  Phalanthos 
naked,  the  hair  tied  in  knot  on  nape  of 
neck  {Kopvfi^os),  astride  on  dolphin,  r.,  both 
arms  extended,  as  if  about  to  applaud ; 
beneath,  to  1.,  small  cockle-shell  (hinge  up- 
wards), to  r.,  cuttle-fish  with  eight  tenta- 
cles {Eledone  moschata,  Octopus  vulgaris). 
Double  linear  border  enclosing  circle  of 
dots. 

Beardless  Taras,  the  hair  tied  in  knot 
on  nape  of  neck,  naked  to  waist  as  on  type 
No.  I , holding  kantharos  and  distaff,  seated 
r. , on  diphros  upon  which  sheep  or  panther’s 
skin  with  scalp  and  fore  feet  hanging  on 
side.  Plain  linear  exergue.  Cable  border. 
Concave  field. 

a.  London.  21.5/22.5  mm.  8.106  gr.  Br. 

Mus.  Cat.,  Italy,  p.  169,  No.  70  (vig- 
netted) . 

h.  Berlin.  M.  24/22  mm.  7.35  gr.  (not  fine), 
ex.  F.  Imhoof-Bltimer  coll.  (Greau, 
Paris  Sale  1867,  lot  No.  278). 
c.  Berlin.  22  mm.  8.22  gr.,  ex.  Lobbecke 

PL.  I.  coll. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

35 

d.  Naples.  M 19/21  mm.  Museo  Naz.,  Sant- 

angelo  coll.  Fiorelli,  No.  2343. 

e.  A.  J.  Evans.  JR  22/24  mm.  7.974  gr. 

/.  Vienna.  JR  20/21  mm.  8.10  gr.  Kunst- 
hist.  Hofmus.  (ex.  Carelli  coll.),  cf. 
Carelli,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  cvii,  72,  D.  80. 

g.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  Al  20/21  mm.  7.93  gr.  From 

PL.  I.  the  1914  find  (see  appendix  C). 

h.  Cl.  Cote.  Al  20/23  mm.  8.10  gr.  ex.  Sir 

Herman  Weber  coll.  (1918),  bought 
from  Gabrielli  (Naples,  1887),  cf.  L. 
Forrer,  Weber  Cat.,  pi.  24,  No.  531. 

i.  Cl.  C6te.  JR  19.5/20.5  mm.  7.75  gr.  (pitted 

by  oxidation)  ex.  M.  P.  Vlasto  coll. 
[The  reverse  die  shows  the  following 
breaks, ^3  one,  starting  from  the  eye  of 
Taras,  reaches  the  tip  of  distaff ; the  other, 
less  important,  starts  beneath  extended 
right  arm  and  reaches  the  elbow,  a and 
h were  struck  before  this  second  fracture, 
c and  / show  both  die-fractures  at  their 
worst.] 

Type  No.  3 

From  same  die  as  Type  2. 

^ Same  type  but  the  hair  of  Taras  is 
rolled  and  the  himation  brought  higher  up, 
covering  breast.  Exergue  dotted.  Dou- 
ble linear  border  enclosing  circle  of  dots. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

i 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

36 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

a.  Paris.  24  mm.  8.10  gr.  Cabinet  des 

Medailles,  De  Luynes  coll.,  No.  288 
(ex.  Dupre  & Millingen  coll.,  cf.  R. 
Rochette  l.c.,  p.  201). 

h.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .(R  24/23.5  mm.  8.35  gr.65 
PL.  I.  Found  at  Taranto  (1830),  (ex.  Mgr. 

Capyciolatro  and  R.  Rochette  colls.) , 
cf.  R.  Rochette,  Type  II,  p.  200,  pi. 
11,19;  also  M.  Y\z.sXo.  Num.  Chron., 
1907.  pi.  X,  3. 

c.  Cl.  C6te.  .R  22.5  mm.  6 gr.  (very  poor). 

ex.  M.  P.  Vlasto  coll. 

d.  1 M 22  mm.  8.04  gr.  Hirsch  Sale  (1910), 

XXVI,  pi.  IX,  [ex.  R.  Ratto  Sale,  26th 
April,  1909,  No.  170,  lot  No.  766 
(7.98  gr.  ?)] 

[The  reverse  die  shows  a break  at  foot  of 
kantharos  on  a,  h,  d.] 

Type  No.  4 

From  same  die  as  Type  2. 

R/  Same  type  but  the  hair  of  T aras  tied 
in  knot  lower  on  nape.  The  kantharos 
rather  narrow.  No  fleece  on  diphros. 
The  exergue  plain.  Raised  border  of  thick 
double  lines.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.P.  Vlasto.  ^R  20/21  mm.  7.905  gr.  ex. 

PL.  L E.  J.  Seltman  coll. 

b.  Paris.  M.  20.5/22  mm.  7.40  gr.  (poor). 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 


37 


Cabinet  des  Medailles.  R.  Rochette, 
Type  III,  p.  201,  pi.  II,  20. 
c.  Cl.  C6te.  .<31  20.5/22  mm.  (poor),  ex.  ooll. 
C.  T.  Seltman. 


[The  obverse  die  now  shows  evidence  of 
wear.  The  die  on  a,  slightly  damaged  be- 
tween distaff  and  kantharos  and  behind 


back  of  Taras.] 


Type  No.  5 

From  same  die  as  Type  2. 

B;/  Same  type  but  knot  of  hair  tied 
higher  on  nape.  The  usual  fleece  on  diph- 
ros.  Dotted  exergue.  Border  of  dots. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^31  23.5  mm.  8.22  gr.  ex.  H. 
PL.  I.  P.  Smith  coll.  (New  York  1899),  cf.  L. 

Correra,  Neapolis  1913,  Tav.  VI,  19. 

b.  Cambridge.  .31  22.5  mm.  8.20  gr.  Fitz- 

william  Museum  (McClean  coll.) 
[The  obverse  die  is  now  in  very  bad 
state,  the  reverse  die  is  damaged  beneath 
left  hand  of  Taras  on  both  a and  b and 
also  behind  chignon  on 


Type  No.  6 

^A^AT  (/"inf.  to  1.).  Phalanthos 
naked,  the  hair  tied  in  knot  on  nape  of 


AND  MONOGRAPHS 


38 

TAPAi:  OIKIETH2 

neck,  riding  dolphin  to  r.,  both  hands  ex- 
tended as  if  applauding;  beneath,  small 
cockle-shell  (hinge  upwards).  Border  of 
dots. 

From  same  die  as  Type  5. 

a.  Bari.  20/20.5  mm.  Museo  Archeologico 

PL.  I.  Provinciale. 

b.  Bari.  JR  19/20  mm.  Museo  Archeologico 

Provinciale. 

c.  M.P.Vlasto.  JR  20/22  mm.  7.62  gr.  (poor). 

d.  Naples.  JR  23  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2342. 

[As  the  reverse  die  does  not  show  the 
fracture  behind  chignon  as  type  No.  5^,  it 
is  evident  that  the  obverse  dies  of  No.  5 
and  No.  6 were  in  use  simultaneously.] 

Type  No.  6A 

From  same  die  as  Type  6. 

Same  type  from  another  die  — of  poor 
style.  The  animal  fleece  only  roughly  in- 
dicated. Plain  linear  exergue.  Concave 
field. 

a.  Berlin.  JR  20/22  mm.  7.82  gr.  (not  fine). 
PL.  I.  Konigl.  Mus.  Dressel  1.  c.,  p.  240,  No. 

86  (ex.  Fox  coll.). 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

tapas  oikisths 

39 

Type  No.  7 

From  same  die  as  Type  6. 

^ Same  type  but  the  Jiair  of  Taras 
rolled  above  forehead.  Dotted  exergue. 
Border  of  rather  large  and  irregular  pellets. 
Concave  field. 

a.  Paris.  M 20.5/21  mm.  7.80  gr.  Cabinet 

PL.  I.  des  Medailles.  R.  Rochette,  Type  I, 

p.  200,  pi.  II,  18,  found  at  Taranto 
(cf.  R.  Rochette,  p.  199). 

b.  Berlin.  21/22  mm.  7.42  gr.  (poor),  ex. 

Ldbbecke  coll. 

c.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .<31  20/21  mm.  7.23  gr.  (very 

poor) . 

Type  No.  7A 

No  traces  of  inscription.  Same  type 
from  another  die.  Style  later  and  poor. 
From  same  die  as  Type  7. 

a.  Paris.  ^31  20/21  mm.  8.10  gr.  Cabinet  des 
PL.  I.  Med.,  Coll,  de  Luynes,  No.  287. 

Type  No.  8 

^ AH  AT  {/'  in  f.  1.).  Same  type  of  im- 
itative poor  style,  border  of  dots. 

W AH  AT  Same  type,  but  Taras  with 
short  hair  naked  to  waist.  The  kantharos 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

40 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

rests  on  palm  of  extended  r.  hand.  Plain 
exergue.  No  border.  Outline  of  reverse 
die  visible. 

a.  London.  JR  plated.  20/21  mm.  6.784  gr. 

PL.  II.  Br.  Mus.  Cat.,  p.  169,  No.  71.  Ex. 

Payne  Knight  coll. 

b.  Naples.  plated.  24  mm.  (Holed.)  Mus. 

PL.  II.  Naz.,  Santangelo  Coll. ; Fiorelli,  No. 

2344- 

Type  No.  2.  This  rare  type  closely  fol- 
lows the  first  version  of  the  heroized  Taras 
but  the  work  is  very  different  and  entirely 
of  Spartan  character.  The  style  displays 
a roundness  and  heaviness  of  form  which 
contrasts  strongly  with  the  early  formal 
elegance  of  the  architype.  The  engraver 
has  however  given  truer  proportions  to  the 
kantharos  and  has  happily  filled  up  the 
vacant  space  beneath  the  seat  with  a 
sheep’s  fleece,  or  possibly  a panther’s  skin 
(kQ8lop).  The  mystical  purport  of  the  lat- 
ter, and  its  consequent  appropriateness  for 
the  heroized  oekist,  has  been  clearly  de- 
monstrated by  Mr.  J.  N.  Svoronos.^^ 

R.  Rochette  in  his  remarks  about  the 
diphros,^5  on  which  Taras  is  seated,  neglect- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

r 

41 

ed  to  point  out  that  this  four  legged  stool, 
throughout  Grecian  antiquity,  has  always 
been  reserved  to  gods^^  and  the  heroized 
departed.  At  Tarentum  the  religious  and 
chthonic  character  of  the  diphros,  is  fully 
confirmed  by  the  choice  of  a similar  seat  as 
a coin  type,  on  some  exceedingly  rare  small 
divisions^7  of  the  nomos  (probabl^^  trihemi- 
obols  = I V2  obol  or  i V4  litra) , at  times  asso- 
ciated with  the  symbol  of  a lustral  branch. 
This  latter  type  must  represent  the  sacred 
diphros  of  Taras,  no  doubt  an  important 
ritual  object,  during  the  religious  festivi- 
ties {Oeo^evia  or  ^cKvaia)  instituted  in  the 
oekist’s  honor. 

The  new  wapdarTjfxov  version  of  Phalanthos, 
astride  on  the  dolphin,  with  his  extended 
hands  as  if  applauding,  has  been  explained 
by  M.  E.  Babelon^9  as  Tdpas /ceXei'crrr/s 
Without  discussing  here  this  picturesque 
and  attractive  explanation,  challenged  and 
refuted  by  Mr.  H.  Willers,7°  I believe  that 
this  attitude  of  Phalanthos  is  merely  in- 
tended to  show  the  spontaneous  gesture  of 
the  hero  nearing  the  shore  on  which  he 
was  soon  to  land  safely,  thus  illustrating 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

42 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

happily  the  lines  of  Pausanias  to  which 
reference  has  been  made. 

This  obverse  die  [Type  2]  appears  to 
have  been  in  use  for  an  unusually  long 
time  and  is  found  coupled  with  four  varied 
reverses  [Types  3 to  5]. 

Type  No.  3.  The  utilization  of  this  re- 
verse die  must  have  been  of  comparative- 
ly short  duration.  It  was  soon  replaced 
by  a new  one.  Fortimately  among  the 
four  known  examples  of  this  rare  combi- 
nation of  dies  [Type  3],  two,  a and  b,  are 
brilliant  specimens  and  do  full  justice  to 
the  archaic  refinement  of  this  type.  It 
betrays  an  early  Tarentine  mannerism 
strongly  contrasting  with  the  rather  heavy 
style  of  type  2. 

The  himation  is  now  closely  drawn  round 
the  body  of  Taras  and  reaches  his  chest 
much  higher  up  than  on  types  i and  2, 
giving  to  the  seated  oekist  a rather  effemi- 
nate appearance,  and  this  is  emphasized  by 
the  archaic  chignon  of  his  head-dress. 
Carelli7^  and  other  early  writers  have  de- 
scribed this  as  a female  figure  but  R. 
Roche tte  corrected  7^  this  not  unreasonable 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

43 

description  of  the  androgynous  type. 

The  charming  coin  (36)  now  in  my  cabi- 
net, was  formerly  in  the  collection  of  R. 
Rochette,  who  had  obtained  it  from  the 
celebrated  Archbishop  of  Taranto,  Capyci- 
olatro.73  It  is  of  abnormally  high  weight 
(8.35  gr.)  and  I have  elsewhere74  drawn 
attention  to  this  quite  exceptional  piece. 
The  monetary  standard  employed  for  these 
issues  must  now  be  briefly  considered. 

Dr.  Regling,  in  his  masterly  paper  on 
the  Italic  standards  (Klio,  Bd  VI,  Heft.  3, 

р.  504)  has  weighed  127  oekists  giving  an 
average  weight  of  7.73  gr.,  with  a maxi- 
mum of  8.22  gr.  and  minimum  of  5.80  gr. 
But  if  we  take  into  account  only  finely 
preserved  and  normal  examples  of  the  ear- 
liest issued  oekists,  we  shail  find  an  average 
weight  slightly  above  8 gr.  This  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  normal  weight  of  all  the 
early  Tarentine  staters  from  550  B.  C.  to 

с.  450,  They  were  struck  on  a system  in 
which  the  nomos  or  stater  weighed  8.23 
gr.  or  somewhat  less,  following  with  suffi- 
cient approximation,  Corinth’s  standard, 
8.25,  then  prevailing  in  Magna  Gr3ecia.7s 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

44 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

Dr.  Regling  has  noted  the  following 
average  weights  for  the  other  early  Taren- 
tine  issues : 

1.  Reverse,  wheel,  7.92  gr. 

2.  Reverse,  archaic  head,  7.83  gr. 

3.  Reverse,  hippocamp,  7.95  gr. 

But  these  slight  variations  in  weight,  for 
almost  contemporary  issues,  must  be  a 
result  of  the  condition  of  the  examples 
weighed.  Even  after  having  taken  into  ac- 
count the  tendency  of  standards  to  fall,  I can- 
not accept  the  figures  quoted  above  as  rep- 
resenting the  normal  Italic  standard.  It 
is  only  towards  the  end  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, that  the  weight  of  the  normal  Taren- 
tine  or  Italic  nomos  comes  down  to  7.79 
as  established  by  Dr.  Regling.  In  my 
opinion,  even  the  Tarentine  incuse  nomoi 
were  struck  on  the  full  weight  standard, 
roughly  in  accordance  with  the  one  of 
about  8.29  gr.  in  use  by  the  great  major- 
ity of  Greek  Achaean  cities  during  550-480 
B.  C.  The  particularly  thin  and  flat  fabric 
of  these  early  Tarentine  incuse  coins  ex- 
posed them  to  a very  rapid  loss  in  weight 
through  wear  and  oxidation,  and  the  not 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

45 

always  obvious  crystallization  of  the  silver. 
Dr.  Regling’s  proposed  standard  for  these 
early  incuse  nomoi,  based  as  it  is  on  aver- 
age weights,  although  sanctioned  by  so 
high  an  authority  as  the  late  Dr.  B.  V. 
Head  in  the  second  edition  of  Historia 
Numorum,  is  certainly  subject  to  error  on 
the  light  side  and  this  can  only  be  explain- 
ed as  a result  of  condition  and  the  small 
number  of  coins  examined.  Dr.  Regling 
weighed  four  incuse  nomoi,  with  the  Hya- 
kinthian  Apollo  [av.  wt.  7.69  gr.],  and  ten 
of  the  normal  type  [av.  wt.  7.54  gr.].  I 
have  been  able  to  trace7^  and  in  most 
cases  note  the  weights  of  44  Tarentine  in- 
cuse nomoi : 33  (Phalanthos  on  dolphin), 
8 (the  Hyakinthian  Apollo),  and  3 combin- 
ing both  types.  All  really  fine  examples 
invariably  reach  to  the  weight  of  8 gr.  The 
finest  three  and  therefore  the  heaviest 
specimens  among  the  eight  incuse  Taren- 
tine nomoi  in  my  cabinet,  all  from  different 
die-combinations,  weigh  respectively  8.06, 
8.05  and  8 gr.,  giving  an  average  weight  of 
8.037  gr-,  and  a fine  coin  of  this  class  in 
the  de  Luynes  collection  weighs  8.10  gr. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

46 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

- 

In  fact,  since  the  Tarentine  incuse  nomoi 
were  intended,  as  Dr.  Regling  rightly 
pointed  out,  for  trade  with  the  Achaean 
colonies,  they  could  not  possibly  have  been 
struck  on  a lower  standard  than  the  one 
followed  at  Taranto  for  local  use. 

Type  No.  4.  Unfortunately,  all  the 
specimens  of  this  extremely  rare  type  are 
in  a bad  state  of  preservation.  Judging 
from  the  very  small  number  I have  been 
able  to  trace,  the  new  reverse  die  must 
have  been  in  use  for  a very  short  time 
only  and  it  would  seem  to  have  been  dis- 
carded owing  to  premature  breaking.  This 
seated  oekist  has  the  same  characteristics 
as  type  3,  and  the  engraver  has  now  sup- 
pressed the  animal  skin  on  the  diphros. 
The  double  circle  border  visible  on  a,  is 
quite  new  and  a simplification  of  the  more 
elaborate  border  on  type  3,  which  is  iden- 
tical with  the  border  of  the  obverse  die. 

Type  No.  5.  This  time  the  new  reverse 
die  outlives  the  very  much  worn  obverse 
whose  damaged  and  deteriorated  condition 
with  almost  obliterated  inscription,  is 
plainly  visible  on  the  brilliant  piece  a now 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

47 

in  my  collection  (weighing  8.22  gr.  PL  I, 
5«). 

At  an  early  date  the  plain  dotted  border 
of  type  5 had  already  appeared  on  “wheel” 
nomoi  and  is  frequently  met  with  on  other 
contemporary  types, 77  all  struck  before 
c.  473  B.  C. 

Type  No.  6.  As  we  have  seen,  the  above 
reverse  die  is  also  found  combined  with  a 
new  obverse  die  on  No.  6,  but  a close  com- 
parison of  the  Cambridge  nomos  No.  56 
with  the  four  examples  I have  been  able 
to  trace  of  No.  6 shows  that  they  were 
contemporaneous  issues,  and  that  the 
reverse  die  of  No.  5 had  evidently  alter- 
nated with  the  obverse  dies  of  Nos.  5 and  6. 

Type  No.  6A.  This  slightly  differing  re- 
verse is  known  only  in  the  example  in  the 
Berlin  Cabinet,  and  is  of  very  early  and 
very  coarse  workmanship. 

Type  No.  7.  This  rare  type  was  ffrst 
published  by  R.  Rochette  as  the  prototype 
of  the  oekist  issue.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
very  primitive  heavy  workmanship.  The 
eye  of  the  oekist  is  wide  open,  globular  and 
almost  protruding.  The  figure  of  Taras 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

48 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

seems  of  a piece  with  the  diphros,  and  his 
body  is  not  felt  or  indicated  through  the 
heavy  drapery  which  hangs  like  an  un- 
yielding mass.  The  result  is  suggestive  of 
the  early  Spartan  style.  Even  the  dotted 
border  is  very  irregular.  It  would  seem 
that  the  die  must  have  been  very  hastily 
engraved. 

Type  No.  8.  This  plated  coin  is  an  an- 
cient forgery.  It  is  of  quite  unusual  style, 
and  is  now  photographed  for  the  first  time. 
The  unduly  narrow  waist  of  the  oekist  is 
reminiscent  of  late  Minoan  art.  The  omis- 
sion of  the  final  ^ of  the  ethnic^^  on  the 
reverse  added  to  other  peculiarities  of  this 
type,  lead  me  to  believe  that  we  have  here 
a new  concoction  of  the  very  same  engraver 
who  forged  No.  I A.  It  is  difficult  to  de- 
cide, however,  if  this  interesting  plated 
type  was  intended  to  copy  No.  7 or  some 
other  contemporary  normal  oekist  of  which 
as  yet  no  example  has  come  to  light. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

49 

(GROUP  II) 

(Later  Archaic  Style.) 

Type  No.  9 

(Traces  of  inscription  to  r.  Pha- 

lanthos  naked,  with  rather  long  hair,  astride 
on  dolphin,  r.,  his  1.  arm  extended. 79  He 
holds  behind  him  in  r.  a cuttle-fish  with 
only  six  tentacles;  beneath  to  1.  minute 
cockle-shell,  hinge  upwards.  Border  of 
two  linear  circles  (the  inner  circle  thicker). 

Taras  naked  to  waist,  the  hair  short, 
the  eye  drawn  as  if  full  face,  seated  on 
diphros  to  left,  holding  out  in  r.  hand  kan- 
tharos,  and  in  L,  behind  him,  a trident 
raised  from  1.  shoulder.  Line  of  exergue 
dotted.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Glasgow.  M 20/24.5  mm.  7.77  gr.  Hun- 
PL.  II.  terian  Musevim.  C.  Combe  (Mus. 

Hunt.),  Tab.  55,  No.  VII.  F.  de  Do- 
minicis,  Repertorio  Numismatico,  Na- 
ples, 1827,  T.  II,  p.  406,  No.  4.  Ca- 
relli,  N.  I.  V.  T.  evil,  70.  Garrucci 
T.  xcvii,  31.  G.  Macdonald  “ Greek 
Coins  in  the  Hunterian  Coll.”  T.  I,  p. 
65.  No.  9,  pi.  V,  3.  Avellino  1.  c.  No. 
318. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

50 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  22/27  mm.  7.77  gr.  ex.  E. 

PL.  II.  T.  Newell  coll. 

c.  Naples.  .31  22  mm.  Museo  Naz.  Santangelo 

PL.  II.  coll.  Fiorelli,  No.  2373  ( ?)  restruck  on 

a Corinthian  pegasos  probably  as  Bab- 
elon,  Traite,  PI.  ccviii,  10,  c.  480  B.  C. 

Type  No.  9A 

From  same  die  as  Type  9. 

Same  type  from  another  die. 
a.  Vienna.  .31-  24/26  mm.  7.80  gr.  Kunst. 
PL.  II.  Hofmus.  (ex.  Carelli  coll.).  Carelli. 

N.  I.  V.  T.  cvii,  69 ; very  inaccurate. 

Type  No.  9B 

From  same  die  as  Type  9. 

Same  type  but  sheep  or  panther’s 
fleece  on  diphros,  line  of  exergue  double  (?). 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible, 
a.  Parma.  ^31  18/24.5  mm.  Reggio  Museo. 

PL.  II. 

Type  No.  9.  On  this  version  the  hero- 
ized  oekist  holds,  in  place  of  the  distaff,  the 
trident  of  his  father  Poseidon,  symbolizing 
the  sea-faring  power  of  the  city  he  has 
founded.  We  know  almost  nothing  of  the 
early  history  of  Tarentum,  save  that,  like 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  0IKI2TH2 

51 

Sybaris  and  Croton,  it  quickly  became  both 
rich  and  powerful.  As  early  as  the  last 
years  of  the  sixth  eentury,  the  Tarentines 
had  established  themselves  on  all  the  Sa- 
lentine  and  part  of  the  Ionian  sea-coasts, 
as  far  as  the  lapygian  promontory.  This 
growth  eame  after  the  founding  of  two 
purely  Hellenic  naval  colonies  : Callipolis 
and  Hydrus.  These  eommanded  both  the 
Gulf  of  Tarentum  and  the  Ionian  Sea  at 
their  entrance. 

Unfortunately  the  three  known  exam- 
ples of  this  new  type  are  all  carelessly 
struck  and  not  well  preserved.  Dr.  G. 
Macdonald,  the  distinguished  keeper  of 
the  Hunter  collection,  in  his  valuable  cat- 
alogue of  that  famous  cabinet,  when  de- 
scribing the  rather  poorly  centred,  and,  at 
that  time,  the  supposedly  unique  speci- 
men of  type  9,  described  the  trident,  held 
in  the  oekist’s  right  hand,  as  a staff.  After 
a careful  re-examination  of  the  original,  at 
my  request.  Dr.  Macdonald  informed  me 
that  the  seated  figure  holds  either  a trident 
or  forked  stick.  Fortunately  the  example 
h,  recently  come  to  light,  and  now  in  my 

1 

i 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

52 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

collection  through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  E. 
T.  Newell,  shows  quite  clearly  the  prongs 
of  the  trident.  They  are  of  a very  primi- 
tive shape,  the  middle  prong  being  longer 
than  the  side  ones,  which  curve  outward. 
This  coin  confirms  the  very  poor  engrav- 
ing of  the  Hunter  specimen  first  given  by 
C.  Combe,  pi.  55,  No.  VII,  with  the  con- 
spicuous but  inaccurately  drawn  trident. 
The  Santangelo  coin  c,  the  identification 
of  which  is  impossible  in  Fiorelli’s  cata- 
logue, has  only  quite  recently  been  brought 
to  my  notice.  Its  condition  unfortunately 
is  very  poor.  Moreover  it  is  restruck  on 
a Corinthian  Pegasos  of  a fairly  early  issue, 
judging  from  the  depth  of  the  incuse  square 
plainly  visible  opposite  and  beneath  the 
outstretched  kantharos  of  the  seated  oekist. 

Notwithstanding  the  evident  progress  of 
art  displayed  on  this  type,  I cannot  agree 
to  the  dating  of  c.  460  B.  C.,  proposed  by 
Dr.  Macdonald.  The  changed  position  of 
the  legs  of  the  seated  Taras,  with  the  left 
foot  drawn  back  so  as  to  occupy  the  vacant 
space  beneath  the  diphros,  the  refinement 
in  the  treatment  of  the  himation,  neatly 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

53 

folded  round  the  knees  with  one  end  hang- 
ing down  in  a conventional,  but  graceful, 
fold,  are  certainly  distinct  improvements. 
Nevertheless,  the  very  broad  shoulders  and 
slim  waist  of  the  oekist,  the  unskilful  com- 
bination of  profile  and  frontal  views,  dis- 
played on  both  dies  of  this  type  are  sugges- 
tive of  primitive  art.  So,  too,  with  the 
double  border,  which  finds  a parallel  only 
on  type  4,  the  dotted  line  of  exergue,  and 
the  type  of  Phalanthos  on  the  dolphin 
holding  a cuttle-fish,  copied  from  the  earli- 
est “ hippocamp  ” nomoi  — all  these  are 
indications  which  authorize  us  to  associ- 
ate this  remarkable  type  with  the  last 
issues  of  the  preceding  group,  and  to  date 
type  9 before  c.  473  B.  C. 

A close  examination  of  examples  a,  h,  c, 
shows  that  the  small  symbol  beneath  Pha- 
lanthos,79  on  his  dolphin,  is  again  the  usual 
cockle-shell,  but  of  diminutive  size,  with 
the  hinge  turned  upwards  to  left.  It  is 
somewhat  unskilfully  drawn,  but  it  is  not 
an  uncertain  object^®  or  helmet,  as  suggested 
by  Carelli’s  engraving — a bad  cdpy  of  the 
Hunter  coin  engraved  by  Combe  in  1782. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

54 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

Type  No.  9A.  This  new  reverse  die  is 
known  only  in  the  very  poor  Vienna  speci- 
men, formerly  in  the  Carelli  cabinet.  It 
differs  from  No.  9 in  that  the  folds  of  the 
himation  are  further  from  the  feet.  On 
Carelli ’s  very  inaccurate  engraving  of  this 
coin,  these  folds  are  spread  over  and  partly 
hide  the  right  side  of  the  diphros.  Carelli, 
however,  not  having  detected  that  his  coin 
(type  9A)  was  from  the  same  obverse  die 
as  the  Hunter  example,  this  time  depicted 
the  small  cockle-shell  beneath  the  dolphin 
correctly,  and  his  engraving  of  the  obverse 
type  contrasts  favorably  with  the  absurd 
representation  of  the  seated  oekist  (No.  9a). 

Type  No,  9B.  This  very  charming  re- 
verse die  is  of  a rather  more  advanced  style 
and  the  trident,  now  held  very  close  to  the 
diphros,  is  of  the  usual  shape  with  three 
upright  prongs.  The  addition  of  the  ani- 
mal skin  on  the  diphros  is  also  an  improve- 
ment. Many  of  the  details  are  obscure 
owing  to  the  worn  condition  of  the  unique 
Parma  coin,  which  may  have  been  issued 
a few  years  after  Nos.  9 and  9A,  in  order 
to  utilize  again  the  same  old  obverse  die. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

55 

PERIOD  II 
c.  473-460  B.  C. 

If  the  Tarentines  established  themselves 
upon  the  Salentine  coast  without  quarrel- 
ling with  the  natives  no  very  great  period 
elapsed  before  they  were  at  war  with  them. 
Successful  in  the  beginning,  the  Tarentines 
were  utterly  defeated  by  the  barbarians, 
v/ith  great  slaughter  in  473  B.  C.  This 
disaster  and  the  subsequent  revolution  are 
the  first  events  in  Tarentine  history  to 
which  we  can  assign  a definite  date.  The 
Tarentines  were  not  long  in  avenging  their 
defeat  first  upon  the  Messapo-Iapygians 
and  a few  years  later  upon  the  Peuketians.. 
Thus  all  the  lapygian  peninsula  came  into 
their  possession  and  Tarentum  regained  its 
former  splendor  and  opulence  under  the 
new  democratic  form  of  government. 

It  is  during  the  period  of  victorious  pros- 
perity almost  immediately  following  the 
establishment  of  the  new  regime  that  I 
propose  to  ascribe  the  first  oekist  (No.  10), 

< 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

56 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

• 

Upon  which  the  seated  Taras  is  seen  sur- 
rounded by  the  olive  wreath,  a significant 
symbol  of  this  victory^^  of  the  Tarentine 
popular  party.  Associated  with  it  is  the 
new  and  symbolic  legend  TAPANTINON, 
which  must  be  translated:  (NomLOs)  of  the 
Tarentine  People. 

Considering  the  extreme  rarity,  of  most 
of  the  other  “wreathed”  oekists,  their 
issue  must  have  been  of  very  brief  dura- 
tion. This  small  group  gives  us  a valuable 
chronological  limit  for  a number  of  “un- 
wreathed” oekists,  some  of  which  were 
certainly  struck  before  the  “wreathed” 
types.  That  all  these  issues  are  m.ore  or 
less  contemporaries  of  each  other,  however, 
is  proved  by  the  use  in  common  of  certain 
obverse  and  reverse  dies  and  by  the  pro- 
gression of  style  from  late  archaic  to  tran- 
sitional. 

The  lines  of  the  figures  and  the  attitude 
of  the  seated  oekist  have  now  become 
much  less  rigid,  the  modelling  of  the  body 
is  less  conventional  and  shows  greater 
mastery,  and  the  faint  indications  of  per- 
spective show  some  improvement.  Many 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

57 

types  now  display  an  effort  of  the  die-en- 
gravers to  express  a feeling  of  poise  in  the 
seated  figure.  Presumably  the  Parent ine 
school  of  artists  must  by  this  time  have 
felt  the  influence  of  Pythagoras  of  Rhe- 
gium,  known  as  the  first  sculptor  to  aim 
at  rhythm  and  symmetry^^  and  whose  Eu- 
ropa  seated  on  the  Bull, ^3  erected  at  Taren- 
tum^^  soon  after  c.  480,  was  so  highly 
prized  by  the  Tarentines. 

Sir  Arthur  Evans  has  dated  the  Taren- 
tine  “wreathed”  oekists  somewhat  later, 
B.  C.  466-460,  following  R.  Rochette,^^  in 
order  to  bring  these  types  into  connection 
with  the  appearance  on  the  Rhegian  dies 
of  a similar  type  issued^^  c.  466  B.  C.,  when 
the  Rhegians  recovered  their  political  free- 
dom.^7  I am  far  from  denying  that  the 
Tarentine  wreathed  oekists,  (of  whose  pri- 
ority I am  convinced)  may  have  influ- 
enced the  Rhegian  coinage,  but  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  olive  wreath  on  other 
contemporary  Tarentine  coin-types,  one 
with  the  archaic  head  reverse  (see  Fig.  i), 
the  other  of  the  hippocamp  class,  confirms, 
in  my  opinion,  the  commemorative  char- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

58 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

acter  of  the  wreath  border  at  Tarentum,  a 
most  appropriate  token  of  the  Democratic 
Victory  in  473  B.  There  can  be  little 

doubt  that  the  symbolical  wreath  occur- 
ring on  all  these  exceptional  Tarentine 
nomoi,  points  to  the  same  connection.  We 
may,  therefore,  propose  for  this  small 
wreathed  issue,  conjointly  with  the  more 
important  series  of  un wreathed  oekists, 
standing  in  immediate  die-relation  to  it, 
the  approximative  dates  of  c.  473-460  B.  C. 

B.  C.  c.  473-460  [Wreathed] 

(Late  Archaic  to  early  Transitional  Style.) 

Type  No.  JO 

'lO  1 'IIT'IAflAT  (r  toL).  Phalan- 

thos,  naked,  the  hair  tied  in  knot,  astride 
on  dolphin,  to  right,  arms  extended  up- 
wards, both  hands  with  open  palms ; be- 
neath, large  cockle-shell  (hinge  upwards): 
border  of  dots  between  two  linear  circles. 

RT  Taras  with  pointed  beard,  the  hair 
bound  with  fillet  and  turned  up  behind, 
naked  to  waist,  seated  to  left  on  chair 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

59 

(/cXktmos)  and  leaning  backwards,  his  1.  hand 
holding  a knotty  staff  resting  obliquely  on 
ground,  and  extending  in  r.  hand  a small 
upright  distaff  or  spindle  of  wool.  His  hi- 
mation  is  neatly  folded  round  the  waist. 
One  end,  brought  over,  hangs  down  and  is 
terminated  with  a tassel.  Upon  the  chaii , 
a sheep  or  panther’s  skin.  The  oekist’s  left 
leg  drawn  backwards  in  front  of  the  leg  of 
chair.  Plain  linear  exergue  above  dotted 
line.  Around,  wreath  of  olive  leaves  alter- 
nating here  and  there  with  olives.  Con- 
cave field. 

a.  Paris.  24/26  mm.  7.87  gr.  Cab,  des  Med. 

(De  Luynes,  No.  279,  ex.  R.  Rochette 
Coll.,  1.  c.,  pi.  Ill,  24,  and  Carelli  Coll., 
D.  No.  61,  N.  I.  V.  T.  cvi,  51),  R.  Ro- 
chette, Type  VII,  203.  Riccio  Reper- 
torio  (1852),  p.  53,  No.  4.  Garrucci 
T,  xcvii,  28. 

h.  Berlin.  21/23  mm.  7.02  gr.  (poor). 

Konigl.  Mus.,  ex.  F,  Imhoof-Blumer 
Coll.  (cf.  H.  Hoffman  Le  Numismate, 
p.  97,  No.  232,  ex.  Fontana  Coll., 
Trieste,  with  wrong  reading  TAPAS). 
c.  Cambridge.  .<31  24.5/24mm.  7.85  gr.  Fitz- 

william  Mus.  — McClean  Coll.  (ex. 
Paris  Sale,  20  June,  1906,  No.  86,  ex. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

6o 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

R.  Jameson  and  A.  J,  Evans  Colls., 
ex.  Bunbury  Sale  (1896),  lot  No,  88). 

d.  Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans.  M 24/25  mm.  7.96  gr. 

PL.  II.  ex.  P.  Mathey  Coll,  and  Philipsen 

Sale,  Hirsch  XV,  285,  PL  II. 

e.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  23/23.5  mm.  7.74  gr. 

Greau  1867  Sale,  lot  No.  279. 

Type  No.  JOA 

Afl  AT  i/'  in  f.  to  1.).  Same  but  of  im- 
itative poor  style.  No  border  visible. 

Bi/  Same  barbarous  style. 
a.  Naples,  plated  20/22  mm.  Mus.  Naz., 

PL.  II.  Santangelo  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2372. 

Type  No.  U 

TAF^A^  ('\  to  r.).  Phalanthos,  the 
hair  short,  naked,  astride  on  dolphin  to  1., 
arms  extended  as  if  to  applaud;  beneath, 
small  cockle-shell  (hinge  upwards) : border 
of  dots  on  band. 

Taras,  the  hair  wavy  at  sides  and 
tied  in  chignon  behind  with  small  fillet, 
wearing  a plain  necklace,  naked  to  waist, 
seated  on  diphros  to  r.,  his  r.  hand  resting 
on  corner  of  seat,  and  extending  in  1.  large 
distaff.  His  r.  foot  brought  backwards, 
hides  the  front  leg  of  diphros.  Around, 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

61 

wreath  of  olive  leaves,  alternating  with 
olives.  Concave  field. 

a.  London.  23/26  mm.  7.892  gr.  Brit. 

PL.  II.  Mus.  Cat.,  p.  169,  No.  72  (vignette). 

P.  Gardner,  “ Types  of  Greek  Coins,” 
pi.  19  (reverse).  Num.  Chron.,  1889, 
pi.  I,  8. 

b.  Naples.  .<31  22/24  mm.  (Very  poor).  Mus. 

PL.  II.  Naz.,  Santangelo  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No. 

2349- 

Type  No.  J2 

^AHAT  (/"  in  f.  to  1.).  Phalanthos 
naked,  the  hair  rolled,  astride  on  dolphin 
to  r.,  both  arms  extended  as  on  No.  ii. 
The  dolphin’s  snout  long  and  turned  up- 
wards. Beneath,  large  cockle-shell  (hinge 
upwards).  No  border  visible. 

B/  From  same  die  as  No.  ii. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .31  23/24  mm.  7.73  gr.  ex. 
PL.  II.  E.  S.  G.  Robinson  Coll. 

Type  No.  J3 

^ A FI  AT  in  f.  to  1.).  Same  type  as 

No.  12.  The  cockle-shell  smaller:  border 
of  dots  [see  No.  14R]. 

TAPA^  in  f.  to  r.).  Taras,  the 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

62 

TAP  A 2 OIKI2THS 

hair  curly  above  nape,  naked  to  waist, 
seated  on  diphros  to  1.,  his  1.  hand  resting 
on  r.  comer  of  diphros,  holding  in  r.  hand 
distaff  upright.  Both  soles  resting  flatly 
on  exergue  which  is  dotted  above  plain 
line.  An  olive  branch  starts  r.  and  1.  of 
exergue  forming  an  open  wreath  enclosing 
type.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Berlin.  .31  22/23  mm.  7.78  gr.  [oxidized]. 
PL.  III.  Dressel,  Berlin  Cat.,  p.  239,  No.  81 
[ex.  Fox  Coll.]. 

h.  CL  C6te.  .31  22/23  mm.  7-95  gr.  From  the 
1920  Gerace  ( ?)  find  (see  page  71). 
c.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M.  22/24  mm.  8.01  gr.  [in  f. 
PL.  III.  to  r.  on  obverse]  ^ in  graffito.  From 
the  1920  Gerace  ( ?)  find. 

[On  a,  h,  c,  the  obverse  die  is  damaged 
and  shows  a fracture  beneath  dolphin  and 
above  and  to  r.  of  cockle-shell.  The  re- 
verse die  shows  a fracture  which  starting 
from  1.  elbow  of  Taras  mns  between  P and 
A of  legend.  This  break  is  larger  on  a, 
which  shows  also  two  new  small  flaws  hav- 
ing the  appearance  of  two  letters  or  of  a 
double  lemniskos  hanging  down,  outside, 
the  right  comer  of  diphros.] 

NUMISMATIC  NO  T E S 

TAP  AS  OIKISTHS 

63 

Type  No.  J3A 

TAI^A^  in  f.  to  r.).  Phalanthos, 

the  hair  short,  on  dolphin  to  1.,  of  same 
t)rpe  as  No.  13,  the  cockle-shell  larger: 
border  of  dots  on  band.  [See  No.  16E.] 

W TAK[A^.?]  (A  in  f.  to  r.).  Same 
type  as  No.  13,  from  another  die.  Ex- 
ergue off  field. 

a.  Berlin.  22/23  mm.  7.85  gr.  Dressel,  1.  c., 

PL.  III.  p.  238,  No.  80. 

[The  obverse  die  is  in  very  poor  condi- 
tion, fractured  above  head  of  Phalanthos 
and  behind  his  loins,  see  also  No.  16E 
(PI.  V)  for  an  earlier  stage  of  last  fracture.] 
The  heroic  character  of  the  eponymous 
oekist  is  no  longer  put  in  evidence  on  these 
“ wreathed  ” issues. 

Taras  is  now  represented  as  a patron  of 
industry,  holding  the  distaff  — an  allusion 
to  Tarentum’s  famous  wool-trade,  the 
source  of  the  city’s  wealth.^ 

On  No.  10,  the  knotty  staff,  which  he 
holds  in  his  left  hand,  is  no  doubt  intended 
as  a symbol  of  his  guardianship  over  the 
Tarentine  herds  and  flocks  and  the  ani- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

64 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

mal  fleece,  at  times  placed  on  his  seat,  may 
have  the  same  significance,  should  it  rep- 
resent, in  accordance  with  the  view  ex- 
pressed by  R.  Rochette,  a sheep’s  fleece9^ 
rather  than  a panther’s  skin,  as  was  sug- 
gested by  the  late  Mr.  R.  S.  Pool  in  the 
British  Museum  catalogue. 

Type  No.  lo.  Carelli  first  published 
this  very  scarce  type.  It  is  closely  con- 
nected with  the  earlier  issues  by  its  archaic 
style  and  by  the  presence  of  the  fleece  on 
the  oekist’s  seat.  Here  this  seat  is  shaped 
like  a chair  (aX6(T/u,6s)9^  rather  than  the  usual 
diphros. 

The  engraving  given  by  Carelli,  from 
the  nomos  then  in  his  own  cabinet  (now 
in  the  de  Luynes  collection  at  Paris,  after 
having  passed  through  R.  Rochette ’s  pri- 
vate cabinet9-^),  is  very  inaccurate.94  The 
legend  as  represented  on  Carelli ’s  engrav- 
ing: NU  N 1 ITV\ASAT  is  certainly 

blundered  and  fanciful.  Through  the 
kindness  of  M.  'E.  Babelon,  I have  myself 
very  carefully  examined,  on  the  original 
coin,  the  remaining  traces  of  the' very  much 
defaced  inscription,  and  R.  Rochette ’s  rep- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2THE 

65 

resentation  of  this  noir  os,  as  given  on  his 
pi.  Ill,  No.  24,  corresponds  strictly  to  the 
real  condition  of  the  coin  and  legend. 
Only  the  first  eight  consecutive  letters  of 
the  inscription  can  be  recognized  with  any 
certainty.  There  are  no  traces  whatever 
of  the  last  two  letters,  which  figure  on  Ca- 
relli’s  engraving,  placed  upside  down,  be- 
tween the  dolphin’s  head  and  the  hands  of 
Phalanthos.  This  is  the  finest  known  ex- 
ample of  this  t}^pe.  Sir  Arthur  Evans 
kindly  wrote  to  me,  as  follows,  after  exam- 
ining the  nomos,  formerly  in  the  P.  Mathey 
and  G.  Philipsen  cabinets  and  now  in  his 
new  collection.  “ So  far  as  I can  make 
out  the  inscription  reads ; | ^ | \A  i TV\  A H A T 
(traces  of  the  last  two  letters  are  between 
the  cockle-shell  and  dolphin’s  head) ; it  can 
not  be  ^ AH  AT.”  95 

Although  this  inscription  is  more  or  less 
obliterated  on  all  other  examples  known  to 
me,  including  the  well  preserved  one  in  my 
cabinet,  the  close  comparison  of  their  casts 
has  convinced  me  that  the  real  reading  of 
the  legend  is  \A0  | \AITV\AH  AT,  the  traces 
of  the  penultimate  letter  showing  the  re- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

66 

TAPAS  OIKIETHS 

mains  of  an  0 and  not  an  Q upside  down. 
Within  a few  years,  however,  we  shall  see 
the  Q replacing  the  0 at  Tarentum.  This 
new  form  of  legend  may  be  considered  as 
a positive  indication  of  the  new  democratic 
government. 

A remarkable  and  extraordinarily  rare 
nomos  of  early  transitional  style  with  the 
reverse  die  exhibiting  the  head  of  the  local 
nymph  Satyra,  the  mother  of  Taras,  en- 
closed in  a similar  olive  wreath,  must  cer- 
tainly have  been  issued  simultaneously 
with  the  oekist  type  No.  lo.  Very  prob- 
ably it  was  engraved  in  the  same  atelier. 
The  close  affinity  in  design  and  style  of 
both  obverse  dies  is  most  striking  and 
suggests  actual  identity  of  handiwork.  R. 
Rochette  first  published  the  specimen,9^  in 
brilliant  condition,  from  the  Brera  cabinet 
of  Milano.  A second  example  in  the  de 
Luynes97  collection,  Paris,  has  been  photo- 
graphed by  M.  E.  Babelon  in  the  Revue 
Numismatique  (1904),  pi.  I,  6.  The  au- 
thenticity of  this  type  has  been  unjustly 
suspected9^  and  the  beautiful  Brera  nomos 
put  aside  with  other  spurious  coins  by  the 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

67 

late  curator  of  that  collection  Mr.  S.  Am- 
brosoli. 

A third  example  from  the  same  dies  is 
now  in  my  cabinet  (see  Fig.  No.  i).  It 
happily  proves  the  absolute  genuineness  of 
this  important  coin  of  the  “wreathed” 
democratic  issue.  It  is  somewhat  badly 
struck,  and  is  oxidized  as  well  (weight 
8.02  gr.).  It  comes  from  the  small,  but 
highly  interesting,  find  made  in  1914  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Taranto  (Appendix  C). 
There  were  in  addition  fourteen  other  early 
Tarentine  nomoi  of  various  types. 

T' >£■: !\-  J ) 

Fig.  I 

Closely  allied  with  the  above  types  is  the 
the  very  rare  “ hippocamp  ” nomos  with 
the  crab  symbol,  on  which  the  dolphin- 
rider  holds  in  his  extended  hands  a similar 
olive  wreath.  I have  lately  added  to  my 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

68 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

- 

collection  a brilliant  example99  of  this  type 
(see  Fig.  No.  2)  recording  for  the  first  time 
the  obverse  legend  quite  clearly:  V\AHAT 
(abbreviation  for  TAPANTINON)-  This 
inscription  has  hitherto  been  read  incor- 
rectly because  of  the  unsatisfactory  condi- 
tion of  all  known  examples.  Both  Dr. 
Regling^°°  and  have  read  MAP  AT 

for  'I  A PAT-  The  recumbent  Achaean 
form  M for  ^ or  must  therefore  defi- 

nitively be  suppressed  from  the  Tarentine 
alphabet. 

Fig.  2 

Type  No.  loA.  This  presumably  unique 
plated  oekist  is  in  too  poor  condition  to 
call  for  any  special  remark,  but  again  it 
may  possibly  be  the  work  of  the  same 
forger  who  engraved  Nos.  lA  and  8. 

Type  No.  ii.  It  is  needless  to  draw  at- 
tention to  the  beauty  and  attractiveness 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

69 

of  this  Splendid  oekist  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. 

The  head-dress  with  its  large  chignon 
{kpu)^\j\os)  , the  somewhat  effeminate  fea- 
tures of  the  oekist,  his  simple  and  hitherto 
unnoticed  necklace, are  late  archaic  or 
early  transitional  characteristics  which 
find  their  counterpart  on  some  of  the 
youthful  heads  on  the  reverses  of  the  ear- 
lier or  contemporary  Tarentine  nomoi,^°4 
litrae"°5  and  hemilitras,  generally  identi- 
fied as  representing  the  nymph  Satyra. 
Although  there  can  be  no  question  as  to 
the  femininity  of  most  of  the  heads  on 
this  group  of  coins,  the  evidence  of  oekist 
No.  II  seems,  in  some  doubtful  cases,  in 
favor  of  a male  identification:  Taras. 
On  all  the  contemporary  small  fractions  of 
the  Tarentine  nomos  exhibiting  on  their 
obverse  dies  a cbckle-shell,  the  youthful 
heads,  on  their  reverses,  are  frequently  but 
carefully  enlarged  copies  of  the  oekist ’s 
head  with  its  picturesquely  changing  head- 
dress. 

Type  No.  12.  This  unpublished  com- 
bination of  dies  is  unique  in  my  experience 

AND  MONOCxRAPHS 

70 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

and  of  a slightly  later  issue  than  No.  ii. 
The  weak  early-transitional  style  of  the 
obverse  die  strongly  recalls  Nos.  lo  and  13 
and  all  these  obverse  dies  are  probably  the 
work  of  the  same  native  second-rate  en- 
graver. The  condition  of  the  reverse  die 
points  also  to  its  posteriority  in  date,  a 
small  crack  which  does  not  appear  on  No. 
1 1 being  now  visible,  just  above  the  oekist’s 
forearm. 

Type  No.  13.  This  extremely  rare  type, 
now  photographed  for  the  first  time,  was 
known  until  lately  only  from  the  descrip- 
tion given  by  the  late  Prof.  Dressel  of  the 
then  unique  oekist  in  the  Berlin  eabinet, 
formerly  in  the  collection  of  General  Fox. 
This  coin  is  unfortunately  covered  with  a 
thick  coat  of  oxide. 

The  two  new  and  very  fine  examples  h 
and  c came  to  my  attention  in  1920,  one 
having  found  its  way  into  the  hands  of  a 
prominent  dealer  in  Switzerland,  the  other 
having  been  sold  in  England.  They  were 
purchased  by  Mr.  Cl.  Cote  and  myself 
about  the  same  time.  Considering  the 
great  rarity  of  this  type  and  suspecting  a 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2THS 

71 

find,  I soon  learned,  although  as  usual  the 
information  was  reluctantly  given,  that 
both  coins  came  from  a hoard  of  about  320 
Tarentine  nomoi,  purchased  at  Reggio  by 
an  Italian  dealer. 

This  find,  I was  told,  came  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Gerace  (?),  and  included 
before  its  dispersal  the  following  types ; 
A few  nomoi  of  the  early  wheel  issue  (cf. 
Note  No.  57),  many  “ hippocamps  ”,  the 
two  above  wreathed  oekists  and  probably 
an  oekist  of  type  No.  20  (cf.  PI.  VI)  the 
balance  being  “ horsemen  ” of  Evans  Peri- 
ods I and  II,  the  latest  of  which,  now  in 
my  cabinet,  was  in  absolute  mint  state. 
The  date  of  the  deposition  of  this  hoard 
may  have  been  circa  410  B.  C.,  a few  years 
after  the  beginning  of  Evans  Period  II. 

The  obverse  die  of  No.  13,  of  very  poor 
transitional  style,  shows  evident  signs  of 
wear  due  to  its  previous  service  with  an- 
other reverse  die  [No.  14R,  PL  V]  before 
being  coupled  with  this  wreathed  reverse. 

It  is  the  conspicuous  break  of  this  die 
above  the  cockle-shell,  that  the  late  Dr. 
Dressel  described  as  a symbol  of  doubtful 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

72 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

meaning  or  a fish(?).  An  earlier  stage  of 
this  flaw  is  clearly  visible  on  No.  14R  of 
Group  II  A,  described  below. 

Type  No.  13A.  This  coin,  unique  to  the 
best  of  my  belief,  although  of  a very  sim- 
ilar type,  is  of  a somewhat  later  archaic 
style.  The  obverse  die,  which  is  of  finer 
work  than  No.  13,  is  also  to  be  found  cou- 
pled with  another  reverse  on  No.  16E 
(Group  II  B)  cf.  PI.  V. 

On  all  the  following  types  excepting  Nos. 
15  and  17,  the  seated  Taras  is  represented 
without  any  border,  holding  the  usual  dis- 
taff and  leaning  on  a long  plain  staff 
{(TKrjTrpop)  symbolizing  his  authority  over 
the  colony  he  has  founded. 

For  the  sake  of  convenience  I have  di- 
vided the  second  group  into  two  sub-series 
A and  B according  to  the  direction  of  the 
obverse  type  first  to  right,  and  after  to  left, 
following  the  data  given  by  the  various 
die-concatenations,  which  are  rather  intri- 
cate owing  to  their  considerable  number. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

73 

Group  II  (A). 

Type  No.  J4 

^AHAT  {Z'  in  f.  to  1.).  Phalanthos 
naked,  the  hair  bound  with  fillet  and  rolled 
above  nape,  seated  on  dolphin  to  r.,  both 
hands  extended  as  if  applauding;  beneath, 
cockle-shell  (hinge  upwards).  Border  of 
dots  between  plain  lines. 

I^  ^AHAT  to  r.).  Taras  naked  to 

waist,  the  hair  short,  seated  to  1.  on  diph- 
ros  holding  in  r.  upright  distaff  and  in  1.  a 
long  staff  resting  beneath  his  arm-pit.  His 
feet  and  himation  hide  the  fore-leg  of  diph- 
ros.  Dotted  exergue.  Concave  field. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^ 22/23  nun.  7.98  gr.  ex. 

PL.  Ill,  R.  Jameson  Coll.  cf.  R.  Jameson’s 

Cat.,  T.  I.  No.  96,  PI.  V,  96  (ex.  A.  J. 

Evans  Coll.) 

b.  Berlin.  Al  22/23  mm.  7.85  gr.  Dressel, 

1.  c.,  p.  238,  No.  75,  (ex.  Fox  Coll.). 

Type  No.  HA 

From  same  die  as  No.  14. 

I^  ^AflAT  (N  to  r.).  Same  type  but 
the  hair  of  Taras  tied  in  chignon  behind 
nape.  Plain  exergue.  Outline  of  reverse 
die  visible. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

74 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

- 

a.  Boston.  M 22/24  mm.  8.19  gr.  Museum 
PL,  III.  of  Fine  Arts,  No.  04303,  cf.  M.  F.  A. 

Bulletin,  Dec.,  1907  (Vol.  V),  No.  30. 
(ex.  Warren  Coll.,  cf.  Regling,  1.  c..  No. 
21,  Taf.  I,  ex.  Coll.  Greenwell  (1902). 
ex.  Moore  Sale  (1889),  lot  No.  40). 
h.  Berlin.  M.  20/23  mm.  8.00  gr.  ex.  ColL 
Lobbecke. 

c.  Munich.  Ai.  21/22  mm.  7.84  gr.  ex.  ColL 
Longo. 

Type  No»  J4B 

^A^AT  (/"  to  !•)•  Same  type,  Pha- 
lanthos  leaning  further  backward,  his  hair 
tied  in  knot  on  nape.  Dotted  border. 

^ ^ AH  AT  tor.).  Same  type  but 

Taras  with  short  hair,  his  left  leg  drawn 
back  beneath  diphros.  Linear  exergue. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 
a.  London  21/23.5  mm.  8.03  gr.  B.  M. 

PL.  III.  C.,  p.  169,  No.  74;  P.  Gardner,  1.  c., 
PI.  I,  No.  21  (reverse)  ; T.  Combe, 
Veter  um  Popular  um  et  Re  gum  Nuvi. 
London,  1814,  p.  33,  No.  5. 
h.  Paris  Al  21.5/22.5  mm.  7.71  gr.  (very  much 
PL.  III.  worn).  Coll,  de  Luynes,  No.  280  (ex. 

R.  Rochette’s  ColL),  cf.  R.  Rochette 
1.  c.,  p.  205,  note  No.  3,  struck  over 
Corinthian  Pegasos,  as  Babelon  Traite, 
PL  ccviii.  Nos.  7 or  12. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

75 

c.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 22/25.5  7-71  gJ** 

(holed) . 

4.  Turin.  JR  22  mm.  7.56  gr.  (poor).  Med. 
del  R'S.  Fabretti,  788. 

Type  No.  J4C 

^A^AT  i/'  to  1.).  Same  type  from 
another  die. 

^ TARAA/TIA/O^  (^  to  r.).  Same 
type,  but  dotted  exergue  over  plain  line, 
the  exergual  line  turned  upwards  to  1.  be- 
neath the  feet  of  Taras.  Outline  of  re- 
verse die  visible. 

a.  Berlin.  .<31  23.5  mm.  8.04  gr.  Dressel,  1.  c., 
PL.  III.  p.  238,  No.  76,  Taf.  XI,  172. 

b.  Paris.  22.5/23.5 mm.  7.90 gr.  (very  much 

worn).  Coll,  de  Luynes.  No.  276,  ex. 
R.  Rochette’s  Coll,  (cf . R.  Rochette, 
Type  VIII),  1.  c.,  p.  205,  ex.  Coll.  Du- 
rand. Cf.  Hoffman,  Le  Nutnismaie,  p. 
97,  No.  232,  ex.  Coll.  Fontana  = a (?). 

Type  No.  J4D 

^ARAT  (/"  to  1.).  Same  type,  of  poor 
style.  Phalanthos  leaning  backwards. 

TARA/VTI  AO^C%tor.).  Sametype 
of  poor  style.  The  exergue  plain.  Out- 
line of  reverse  die  visible. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

;6 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

a.  Vienna.  M plated  ( ?)  24  nim.  7.47  gr.  [not 
PL.  III.  fine],  (ex.  Carelli  Coll.),  c£.  Carelli. 

D.  No.  68,  T.  cvi,  59.  Ayellino  Vet. 
Num.  SuppL,  p.  37,  No.  640,  cf.  R. 
Rochette,  p.  204,  Note  No.  i. 

Type  No.  HE 

From  same  die  as  No.  14C. 

FT  [No  inscription].  Same  type  but  the 
hair  of  Taras  is  short  and  indicated  by 
hatches.  Dotted  exergue.  Outline  of  re- 
verse die  visible. 

a.  Paris.  Al  23/22  mm.  8.10  gr.  Coll,  de 

Luynes,  No.  278.  (ex.  Dupre  Sale 
(1867),  lot  No.  29). 

b.  Berlin.  Al  24/24  mm.  8.19  gr.  ex.  Coll. 

Lobbecke  (Cat.  Rollin  et  Feuardent 
(1863).  No.  683). 

c.  Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans.  Al  2i/24mm.  8.13  gr. 

PL.  III.  ex.  F.  S.  Benson  Sale,  lot  No.  23,  PI. 

I,  (ex.  Bunbury  Sale,  lot  No.  55). 

[The  obverse  die  has  now  the  following 
slight  flaws : i)  above  dolphin’s  snout; 

2)  in  front  of  Phalanthos’  extended  hands; 

3)  above  dolphin’s  tail  to  r.] 

Type  No.  HF 

^ASIAT  (/"  to  1.).  Same  type  from 
another  die. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  OIKISTHS 

77 

From  same  die  as  No.  14E. 
a.  New  York.  .<31  22.5/24  mm.  7.90  gr.  Amer. 
PL.  III.  Niim.  Soc.  Coll. 

h.  Glasgow.  M 22/23  mm.  8.029  gr.  Hunter 
Coll.,  Macdonald,  1.  c.,  No.  7.  Combe, 
1.  c.,  p.  305,  Tab.  55,  fig.  V.  Avellino. 
1.  c.,  ]\o.  321. 

[On  b,  the  obverse  die  has  a very  large 
fracture  hiding  all  the  front  part  of  the 
naked  body  beneath  extended  hands.  On 
a,  the  early  stage  of  this  flaw  is  visible  near 
Phalanthos’  loins.] 

Type  No.  HG 

From  same  die  as  No.  14C. 

W TARA^  (Nr  to  r.).  Same  type,  but 
the  linear  exergue  slightly  curved  to  r. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  London.  21/27  mm.  8.05  gr.  Brit.  Mus. 

PL.  III.  (ex.  Dr.  Parkes  Weber  Coll.). 

b.  R.  Jameson.  JR  23/25  mm.  7.91  gr.  Cat. 

Jameson,  PI.  V,  No.  95,  ex.  Benson 
Sale,  lot  No.  22,  PI.  I,  22. 

[The  reverse  die  is  fractured  to  r.  of  the 
left  hand  of  Taras  and  between  R and  A 
of  legend]. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

78 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

- 

Type  No*  J4H 

From  same  die  as  No.  14F. 

TAPA^  to  r.).  Same  type  from 

another  die. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  23/24  mm.  7.92  gr.  Ex. 

PL.  IV.  Maddelena  Sale  (Paris,  1903),  lot  249. 
h.  Cambridge.  M.  20.5/24  mm.  7.87  gr.  Fitz- 
william  Museum  (Coll.  McClean). 

c.  Cl.  C6te.  M.  23/22.5  mm.  7.73  gr.  (pitted 

by  oxidation),  from  the  1914  find. 

d.  E.  J.  Seltman.  ^ 23  mm.  (H.  O’Hagan, 

Sotheby  1908  Sale,  lot  No.  22.) 

Type  No.  14 1 

From  same  die  as  No.  14F. 

From  same  die  as  No.  14G. 

a.  E.  T.  Newell.  Hi  22/23  mm.  7.92  gr, 

PL.  IV. 

b.  Naples.  M 22  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 
PL.  IV.  Coll.  Fiorelli,  No.  2371,  restruck  on 

Corinthian  Pegasos  with  swastika  re- 
verse as  Babelon,  Traite,  PI.  xxxvi. 
No,  10. 

I have  not  been  able  to  trace  the  follow- 
ing oekists  all  of  type  No.  14,  in  order  to 
determine  their  precise  die  combinations. 
a.  F.  Bompois  (1882  Paris  Sale),  No.  156. 
h.  L,  Lacroix  (1888  Paris  Sale),  No.  95. 
c.  Paris,  ii  Dec.,  1899  Sale,  lot  67. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

79 

Type  No«  14J 

^A^AT  (/"  to  1.).  Same  type,  from 
another  die. 

W TARA^  C%tor.).  Same  type,  from 
another  die.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  26/27  mm.  8.08  gr.  L.  W. 

PL.  IV.  de  Moltheim  Sale,  No.  112.  Rev.  Num. 

(1904),  PI.  I,  No.  2. 

b.  Naples.  M 25  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2370. 

c.  (?)  23/25  mm.  8.15  gr.  Hirsch  XVI 

Sale  (1906),  lot  26,  Taf.  I. 

Type  No.  HK 

From  same  die  as  No.  14C. 

^ From  same  die  as  No.  14J. 
a.  Cambridge.  M 22 /23mm.  7.07 gr.  (not fine). 
Fitzwilliam  Mus.  (McClean  Coll.). 

Type  No.  I4L 

From  same  die  as  No.  14E. 

From  same  die  as  No.  14J. 

a.  Paris.  .31  20. 5/21  mm.  8.20  gr.,  de  Luynes 
PL.  IV.  Coll.,  No.  277. 

b.  Parma.  22  mm.  7.60  gr.  (poor). 

c.  Berlin.  .31  20/25  mm.  8.02  gr.,  ex.  Coll.  F. 
PL.  IV.  Imhoof-Blumer,  (ex.  Gr6au  Sale,  lot 

No.  281). 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

8o 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

d.  Vienna.  21.5/24  mm.  7.85  gr.  (ex.  Ca- 

relli  Coll.),  cf.  Carelli  D,  No.  69. 

e.  Cl.  C6te.  M.  23/24  mm.  8.09  gr.,  ex.  Sir  Her- 

man Weber  Coll.,  (bought  from  Gab- 
rielli  [Naples,  1887]),  cf.  L.  Forrer, 
Weber  Cat.,  PI.  24,  No.  532. 

/.  (?)  ^ 23  mm.  Paris,  9 May,  1910,  Sale 

(Durufle). 

[On  c,  the  reverse  die  has  a linear  break 
starting  from  1.  wrist  of  Taras  and  reach- 
ing the  R of  ethnic.  Cf.  No.  14J  a.] 

Type  No.  J4M. 

^ARAT  {'T  to  1.).  Same  type  from 
another  die. 

TARA^  to  r.).  Same  type  from 

another  die.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .<51  20/23  mm.  8.02  gr.,  ex. 
PL.  IV.  Nervegna  Coll.,  No.  276,  PI  II.  L. 

Correra  (Neapolis),  1913,  Tav.  VI,  21. 
H.  Willers,  1.  c.,  T.  XII,  ii. 

b.  Naples.  .<31  22/25  rnm.  (Very  poor).  Mus. 

Naz.,  Santangelo  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No. 

2369. 

c.  Munich.  .<^  21/23  mm.  7.99  gr.  Hirsch 

XVI  Sale,  lot  25. 

d.  Athens.  Al  24/25  mm.  7.78  gr.  Ex.  M.  P. 

Vlasto  Coll. 

^.  (?)  Al  23/25  mm.  H.  Osborne  O’Hagan 

Sale,  lot  No.  22. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

81 

Type  No.  HN 

A^AT  {'T  tor.).  Same  type  of  very 
early  and  barbarous  style.  Both  legs  of 
Taras  in  front  of  diphros,  with  feet  fiat  on 
exergue.  Border  of  large  dots. 

(No  inscription).  Same  type  and  of 
same  work  as  obverse. 

a.  Paris.  ^ plated,  20/21  mm.  6.37  gr.  R. 
PL.  IV.  Rochette,  type  IV,  No.  201,  PI.  Ill,  21. 

F.  de  Dominicis  Repertorio  (1827),  T. 
II,  p.  208.  Mionnet,  T.  I,  No.  380. 

b.  Berlin.  plated  21/22  mm.  6.07  gr.  (The 

PL.  IV.  bronze  core  visible  on  both  sides). 

Purchased  in  1895. 

Type  No.  HO 

^ A FI  AT  {/’  to  1.).  Same  type  of  very 
fine  style j probably  from  same  die  as  No. 
14M. 

TARA^  to  r.).  Same  type  of 

fine  style,  cf.  No.  14M 

a.  J.  Mavrogordato.  M.  plated,  20.5/22.5  mm. 
PL.  IV.  6.58  gr.  Hirsch  XXXIV  Sale,  lot  No. 

21,  Taf.  I.  [The  bronze  core  visible 
only  between  cockle-shell  and  dolphin.] 

Type  No.  HP 

^ARAT  {'T  to  1.).  Same  type  of  very 
barbarous  style. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

82 

TAPAS  OIKIETH2 

W TAHA^  (%  to  r.).  Same  type,  of 
same  style  as  obverse. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M plated,  23  mm.  6.40  gr. 
PL.  IV.  (Very  poor  and  the  core  of  bronze  vis- 
ible on  both  sides.) 

Type  No.  HQ 

^AFIAT  {/'  tol.).  Same  type  from  an- 
other die. 

^ TARA^  tor.).  Same  type  from 

another  die. 

a.  Paris.  M plated,  23  mm.  6.20  gr.  Very 
PL.  IV.  poor.  Ex.  Pellerin  Coll.,  cf.  Pellerin 
Suppl.  IV,  PI.  II,  3,  p.  29,  30.  R.  Po- 
chette, PI.  Ill,  22.  Mionnet,  T.  I,  p. 
139,  No.  281.  de  Dominicis,  1.  c.,  T. 
II,  p.  208,  No.  6. 

Type  No.  HR 

From  same  die  as  No.  12  (cf.  Group  I, 
wreathed  series). 

(No  inscription).  Same  type,  but 
the  left  leg  of  Taras  withdrawn  beneath 
diphros,  is  resting  on  flat  stool  {vTroirddLov, 
xeXdivT])  roughly  drawn.  Concave  field. 

a.  Sir  Charles  Oman.  JR  21/22  mm.  7.96  gr. 
PL.  V, 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  plated,  18/23  mm.  5.90  gr. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

83 

PL . V . (The  core  is  probably  of  lead).  Ex.  F. 

W.  V.  Peterson  Sale,  Sotheby,  19/12/ 
’20,  lot  No.  7.  (In  f.  to  1.  on  reverse 
A in  graffito  beneath  diphros.) 
c.  Naples.  iR  plated?  23.5  mm.  Mus.  Naz., 
Fiorelli,  No.  1801  (chisel  cut  on  rev.). 

Type  No.  15 

^A^AT  to  1.).  Same  type,  but 

Phalanthos  is  leaning  backwards.  (Cf.  No. 

14D.) 

^ (No  inscription  visible).  Same  type, 
but  left  foot  of  Taras  drawn  backwards 
resting  on  exergue.  The  oekist  holds  in  r. 
hand  in  place  of  the  long  staff  a trident 
upright,  the  prongs  of  which  are  visible 
above  his  1.  shoulder.  Concave  field. 

a.  Paris.  .41  21/22.5  mm.  6.72  gr.  (very  poor). 

PL.V.  de  Luynes  Coll.,  No.  271. 

b.  Milan.  22  mm.  (Very  poor.)  Brera. 

Types  No.  14  and  14A.  Both  these  ex- 
ceedingly rare  oekists,  possibly  struck  before 
the  end  of  Per.  I,  share  the  same  obverse 
die,  and  no  doubt  must  be  considered  as 
the  architypes  of  this  new  version  of  the 
seated  eponymous  hero.  These  types  show 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

84 

TAPAE  OIKI2TH2 

a conspicuous  elaboration  of  anatomical 
detail  together  with  an  archaic  stiffness  of 
attitude.  The  relation  of  the  right  arm 
to  the  body  is  very  awkward  and  typical 
of  early  art.  Certain  other  details,  such 
as  the  arrangement  of  the  formal  folds  of 
the  himation,  tightly  drawn  round  the  legs 
of  Taras  on  No.  14,  or  the  androgynous 
appearance  of  No.  14 A,  closely  connect 
these  oekist  dies  to  No.  ii  of  the  wreathed 
issue,  and  all  three  reverses  may  be  the 
work  of  the  same  artist. 

Type  No.  14B.  We  have  in  this  type  a 
very  good  example  of  refined  conventional 
archaic  art.  The  position  of  oekist’s  left 
leg,  drawn  back  to  occupy  the  vacant  space 
beneath  the  diphros,  first  inaugurated  on 
the  somewhat  earlier  types  Nos.  9,  9 A and 
9B,  and  found  also  on  most  of  the  wreathed 
oekists  [Nos.  10,  loA,  ii  and  12],  finds  its 
parallel  in  early  Ionian  and  Attic  sculpture. 
In  spite  of  these  formal  conventions,  the 
figiu'es  of  both  Taras  and  Phalanthos  are 
very  advanced  for  the  period,  notwith- 
standing mannerisms  in  certain  details 
characterizing  the  early  transitional  art. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

85 

The  de  Luynes  specimen  of  this  type  is 
restruck  over  a Corinthian  pegasos  [see  PI. 
Ill,  14B.  5].  The  position  of  the  9,  clearly 
visible  (lying  flat  beneath  the  Pegasos) , the 
traces  of  Athena’s  helmet  and  profile,  the 
depth  of  the  incuse  square  allow  us  to 
identify  the  Corinthian  stater  with  toler- 
able probability  as  one  of  the  types  figured 
on  PL  ccviii  of  M.  E.  Babelon’s  Traite, 
under  Nos.  7 or  12. 

These  Corinthian  coins  are  now  dated 
by  Prof.  P.  Gardner  in  his  valuable  “ His- 
tory of  Ancient  Coinage,”  circa  550  B.  C. 
Many  Metapontine  staters,  of  the  thick 
incuse  fabric,  belonging  to  the  early  years 
of  the  fifth  centur}^,  are  restruck  on  coins 
of  Corinth  of  similar  types  and  we  note 
this  peculiarity^®^  on  another  contemporary 
Tarentine  oekist  described  under  No.  14I  6, 
now  in  Santangelo  collection,  Naples.  This, 
however,  is  restruck  on  a much  earlier  Co- 
rinthian pegasos,  with  the  swastika  or  mill- 
sail  reverse,  dated  c.  600-550  B.  C.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  the  weight  of  these  re- 
struck coins  always  corresponds  to  the 
correct  Italic  standard  notwithstanding  the 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

86 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

original  slightly  heavier  weight  of  the  Co- 
rinthian coins  used  as  blanks. 

Type  No.  14C.  The  new  form  of  legend, 
on  this  extremely  rare  type,  TARANTI- 
NOS, has  been  completed  by  R.  Rochette 
with  the  word  AHMOS  understood,  and 
this  was  one  of  his  best  arguments,  appar- 
ently confirming  the  seated  Demos  theory 
which  has  so  long  held  the  field.  An  un- 
usually fine  oekist  in  my  cabinet,  of  a very 
similar  type  [cf.  No.  16H]  displays  the 
same  form  of  legend  TARANTINOS 
[hitherto  badly  read  TARANTINQN?  ow- 
ing to  the  incomplete  or  poor  condition  of 
the  inscription  on  most  of  the  known 
specimens]  on  the  obverse  die,  associated 
with  the  usual  Tarentine  Trapdarjfjiov:  Pha- 
lanthos  astride  on  the  dolphin. 

This  form  of  inscription,  also  occasion- 
ally found  on  some  rare  early  horsemen, "^9 
not  being  confined  to  the  type  of  the  seated 
figure,  cannot  refer  to  all  these  different 
representations  and  therefore  must  be 
identified  with  the  coin.  We  shall  accord- 
ingly read  the  legend  TARANTINOS 
(vdfjios)  as  on  the  well  known  coins  of  Alex- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

87 

ander of Pherae  AAEEANAPEIO^ ((rrari^p) 
and  AA  EE  AN  A PEI  A (^p<^xf^v)- 

Type  No.  14D.  The  particularly  awk- 
ward design  of  this  presumably  unique 
oekist,  in  the  Vienna  cabinet,  makes  me 
suspect  that  the  coin  is  plated.  There  is, 
however,  no  doubt  that  Nos.  14C  and  14D 
are  strictly  contemporary  in  spite  of  small 
differences  in  the  forms  of  some  letters  of 
the  inscriptions,  especially  the  letter  0 
which  is  square  (O)  on  No.  14C,  and  round 
on  No.  14D.  But  we  know  from  an  early 
inscription  found  at  Metapontum“°  that 
both  forms  O and  0 were  at  times  used' 
simultaneously  and  indiscriminately  in 
southern  Italy  during  the  first  years  of  the 
fifth  century.  The  O , however,  is  met  in 
no  case,  after  450  B.  C. 

Types  No.  14E  to  14N.  All  these  not 
uncommon  oekists  do  not  call  for  any 
special  remark,  and  it  is  very  probable 
that  many  other  dies  or  die-combinations 
of  this  rather  monotonous  series  may  have 
escaped  my  notice. 

Type  No.  14N.  So  far  as  I am  aware  this 
ugly  and  barbarous  type  a,  has  never  been 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

88 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

described  as  a plated  coin,  though  often 
published  by  early  writers  such  as  Mionnet, 
de  Domini cis  and  R.  Rochette.  The  Paris 
specimen’s  unusually  light  weight  (6.37  gr.) 
is  quite  sufficient  to  betray  this  ancient 
forgery  in  spite  of  the  good  preservation 
of  its  silver  coating.  On  the  new  example 
h,  from  the  same  dies,  purchased  during 
1895,  by  the  Berlin  cabinet,  the  interior 
bronze  core  is  plainly  visible  on  both  faces 
of  the  coin.  The  large  ill -shaped  letters 
of.  the  ethnic,  with  the  final  ^ suppressed, 
the  stiff  and  poor  design  of  the  feet  of  the 
seated  oekist,  with  their  soles  flat  on  the 
ground  in  front  of  the  diphros,  are  rem- 
iniscent of  the  earlier  plated  oekist  of 
type  No.  8,  and  this  poor  imitation  of  No. 
14  may  well  be  the  work  of  the  same  forger. 

Type  No.  14O.  This  plated  oekist  is 
quite  remarkable  on  account  of  its  ver}" 
fine  style  and  can  only  be  the  work  of  the 
same  official  engraver  to  whom  we  owe  the 
normal  oekists  Nos.  14L  to  14M.  I am 
almost  certain  that  the  obverse  of  Mr. 
Mavrogordato’s  unique  coin  is  actually 
issued  from  the  same  die  as  No.  14M,  and 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

89 

that,  when  struck,  this  plated  oekist  must 
have  been  included  in  the  regular  issue, 
the  style  and  fabric  of  the  coin  precluding 
the  possibility  of  its  being  the  product  of 
a private  forger  [see  also  No.  14R].  I 
shall  subsequently  draw  attention  (cf.  p. 
195)  to  another  plated  oekist  of  a later 
issue  [cf.  No.  55],  now  in  my  cabinet, 
struck  from  the  very  same  pair  of  dies  in 
use  for  the  normal  issue  of  that  type. 

This  disgraceful  practice,  so  dangerous 
for  the  coiner,  may  be  the  true  explanation 
of  the  abnormal  low  weight  of  a few  other 
oekists  which  have  reached  us  with  their  sil- 
ver plating  untouched.  It  shows  the  dan- 
ger of  dating  coins  solely  on  weight  data. 

Types  Nos.  14P  and  14Q.  It  is  only  for 
comparison’s  sake  that  I have  reproduced 
(PI.  IV)  these  two  very  barbarous  plated 
ancient  forgeries.  Possibly  the  plated  coin 
sold  at  the  Bompois,  1882,  Paris  Sale  (lot 
No.  155),  described  as  exhibiting  the  seated 
Demos  holding  the  Palladium  ( !)  in  place 
of  the  upright  distaff,  and  which  I have 
been  unable  to  trace,  may  be  but  an  ill- 
! preserved  example  of  Nos.  14P  or  14Q. 

1 AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i 

90 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

Type  No.  14R.  This  very  rare  type 
which,  as  we  have  already  noted,  shares 
its  obverse  die  with  the  wreathed  oekist  of 
No.  13,  is  of  very  sketchy  design  and  of  a 
weak  style  similar  to  that  displayed  on 
some  late  and  probably  contemporary 
“ hippocamp  ” nomoi.”*  The  excellent 
preservation  of  the  obverse  die  shows  that 
this  combination  of  dies  was  issued  before 
No.  13.  The  abnormally  light  weight 
(5.90  gr.)  of  the  example  h,  in  my  cabinet, 
which  is  of  ordinary  preservation  [see  PI. 
V]  and  certainly  from  the  same  dies  as 
both  other  known  specimens  of  this  type, 
has  led  to  the  discovery  that  my  coin  is 
plated  over  an  unusual  core  of  white  metal, 
probably  of  lead.  Sir  Charles  Oman’s  oekist 
of  this  type  weighing  7.96  gr.,  as  well  as 
the  three  known  examples  of  the  wreathed 
issue  [No.  13]  struck  from  the  same,  easily 
identified,  obverse  die,  are  certainly  nor- 
mal and  not  plated  coins.  The  Naples"^ 
oekist  of  No.  14R,  disfigured  by  an  ancient 
chisel-cut  on  the  reverse,  may  possibly  be 
plated,  although  Fiorelli  does  not  mention 
it,  as  he  invariably  does  in  such  cases  (e.  g. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAl  OIK  1ST  HS 

91 

after  his  description  of  the  coin  No.  i8oi, 
in  his  catalogue  : arg.  fod.  viz.,  plated). 
The  inference  is  somewhat  bewildering  and 
probably  can  find  no  better  explanation 
than  the  one  offered  above  for  Mr.  J.  Mav- 
rogordato’s  plated  oekist  of  type  14O. 

Type  No.  15.  Unfortimately  the  two 
known  examples  of  this  new  version  of  the 
seated  oekist,  hitherto  unpublished,  are 
both  in  very  poor  condition. 

On  the  de  Luynes’  coin,  however,  the 
oekisris  trident  is  discernible  in  place  of 
the  regal  staff ; and  this  extremely  rare  mod- 
ification of  No.  14,  recalling  the  earlier  No. 
9,  had  certainly  been  detected  by  the  late 
duke,  otherwise  he  would  not  have  admit- 
ted so  poorly  preserved  a coin  into  his 
particularly  choice  collection. 

Group  II  (B) 

Type  No,  J6 

TARA^  (%tor.).  Phalanthos,  naked, 
the  hair  rolled,  applauding,  astride  on  dol- 
phin, to  1.;  beneath,  cockle-shell  (hinge  up- 
wards) ; border  of  dots  between  two  very 
thin  linear  circles. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 

92 

TAPAS  OIKI2THS 

[No  inscription].  Taras  naked  to 
waist,  the  hair  short,  seated  1.  on  diphros, 
holding  r.  hand  extended  (about  to  receive 
small  dolphin  [?]).  In  1.  hand  plain  staff 
from  beneath  arm-pit  (cf.  No.  14).  Dotted 
exergue.  Concave  field. 

a.  Glasgow.  .<31  22/23  mm.  7.90  gr.  [very  much 

PL.V.  worn].  Hunter  Coll.,  Macdonald,  No. 

8,  PI.  V,  No.  3.  Combe,  1.  c..  Tab.  55, 
No.  X.  Avellino,  1.  c.,  p.  78,  323. 
Carelli,  N.  I.  V.  T.  cvi,  62.  F.  de 
Dominicis,  1.  c.,  T.  II,  p.  406,  No.  6. 
L.  Sambon,  1.  c.,  p.  239,  No.  28. 

b.  Prince  of  Waldeck.  24  mm.  8.07  gr.,  ex. 

PL . V . Tanini  ( ?)  Coll. 

[The  reverse  die  shows  various  flaws  in 
field  to  left  of  seated  oekist.] 

Type  No.  J6A. 

From  same  die  as  No.  16. 

From  same  die  as  No.  14C. 
a.  (?)  22.5/24  mm.  8 gr.,  ex.  Nervegna 

PL.  V.  Sale,  lot  No.  277,  PI.  II,  277.  (Cf.  L. 

Sambon,  1.  c.,  p.  239,  No.  26.) 

[The  obverse  die  is  damaged  close  to  the 
head  of  Phalanthos  giving  it  a square  ap- 
pearance. The  reproduction  is  from  a 
photogravure.] 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

93 

Type  No,  J6B 

A 1 T (the  A to  1.  the  T to  r.  of  Pha- 
lanthos).  Same  type.  Border  of  large 
dots. 

^ TARA^  tor.).  Sametype.  Lin- 

ear exergue.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 
a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^31  21/25  mm.  7,63  gr.,  ex. 
PL.  V.  H.  Booth  Sale  (Sotheby,  25,  7,  1900, 

lot  No.  7).  Babelon,  Rev.  Num.  (1904) 
PI.  I,  3,  p.  1 14.  M.  P.  Vlasto,  Num. 
Chron.  ^1907)  PI-  X,  No.  4.  H.  Will- 
ers.  1.  c.,  Taf.  XII,  7, 

h.  Cl.  Cote.  22/23.5  mm.  7.52  gr.  [very 

much  worn].  From  the  1914  find. 

Type  No.  J6C 

[No  inscription  visible].  Same  type,  the 
cockle-shell  smaller.  Border  of  dots. 

[No  inscription].  Same  type.  Con- 
cave field. 

a.  Cambridge.  ^31  19/23  mm.  Corpus  Christi 
PL  . V . College,  ex.  Rev.  Samuel  Savage  Lewis 

Coll. 

h.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .<31  19/20  mm.  7.68  gr.  [not 
fine].  On  obv.  above  dolphin’s  head 
A in  graffito.  Found  at  Taranto  (1920). 
c.  (?)  22  mm.  7.97  (?)gr.  HartwigSale, 

Rome,  1910,  lot  No.  87,  PI.  I (reverse 
possibly  from  another  die  !)  =R,  Ratto, 

AND  MONOGKAPHS 

94 

TAPA2  OIKIETHS 

Milano  13  May,  1912  Sale,  PI.  IV,  No. 
221,  wt.  8.o4(?). 

Type  No,  I6D 

From  same  die  as  No.  16C. 

Same  type  from  another  die.  (The 
diphros  narrow  and  high.) 
a.  Naples.  23  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Fiorelli,  No. 

PL.  V.  2351  (Santangelo  Coll.),  cf.  D.  Mag- 

nan  (1771)  Tab.  39,  XVII. 
h.  Cambridge.  .31  21/23  nim.  7.54  gr.  Fitz- 
william  Mus.,  ex.  McClean  Coll. 
c.  M.P.Vlasto.  ^ 22.5/23  mm.  7-94  gi*-  (Cat. 
PL.V.  Rollin  et  Feuardent,  Paris,  1862,  No. 

685,  bis.) 

[The  reverse  is  damaged  on  h and  c near 
lower  part  of  distaff  and  to  r.  of  oekist’s 
elbow.] 

Type  No.  J6E 

From  same  die  as  No.  13A  (Group  I, 
wreathed  series). 

^ Same  type  from  another  die. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 23/24  mm.  8.05  gr.  Cf. 

PL.V,  Babelon,  Rev.  Num.,  1904,  p.  114,  PI. 

I-5- 

b.  Cl.  C6te.  3R  20/21  mm.  7.69  gr.  (not  fine, 

the  reverse  with  two  chisel-cuts). 

c.  Dr.  A.  Giesicke.  M 20/23  niui.  7.72  gr. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  01  K 1ST  H 2 

95 

[The  obverse  die  fractured  behind  loins 
of  Taras  — cf.  No.  13A  for  a later  stage  of 
this  flaw,] 

Type  No.  J6F 

TAR  in  small  letters  to  r.).  Same 

type,  the  pecten  smaller.  Border  of  dots 
between  two  linear  circles. 

Same  type,  from  another  die. 
a.  Naples.  iR  21/23.5  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Fiorelli, 
PL.V.  No.  i8vj2. 

1 

Type  No.  J6G 

From  same  die  as  No.  16F. 

From  same  die  as  No.  16D. 
a.  Vienna.  JR  22  mm.  5.97  gr.  (broken,  part 
of  coin  missing;  ex.  Carelli  Coll,). 
Carelli  D.,  No,  70. 

Type  No.  J6H 

TAPAA/TI/V  1 0^  to  r.).  Same 

type,  very  small  cockle-shell.  Border  of 
small  dots  between  linear  circles. 

Same  type  from  another  die.  Outline 
of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Paris.  JR  21/22  mm.  7.85  gr.  Raoul  Ro- 
chette  type  VI,  pp.  202,  203,  PI.  Ill, 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

96 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

23  (with  the  incorrect  reading  T APAN- 
TIN12N).  E,  Babelon,  Rev.  Num., 
1904,  p.  1 14,  PL  1, 4.  Mionnet  SuppL, 
T.  I,  p.  281,  No.  562  (the  oval  break 
of  die  below  staff  on  oekist  described 
as  shield  seen  sideways),  cf.  Pellerin 
SuppL,  IV,  Tab.  ii,  fig.  ii. 

b.  London.  ^ 21/22  mm.  7.71  gr.  Brit.  Mus. 

Cat.,  p.  170,  No,  75.  T.  Combe,  1.  c., 
p.  33,  No.  6. 

c.  Vienna.  .<31  21  mm.  7.79  gr.  (The  reverse 

possibly  from  another  die.) 

d.  Cambridge.  .31  22  mm.  Corpus  Christi  Col- 

lege, ex.  Rev.  Samuel  Savage  Lewis 
Coll. 

e.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  3R  21/22  mm.  8.01  gr.,  found 
PL . VI . at  Taranto  (1907).  L.  Correra,  Neapo- 

lis,  Tav.,  VI,  22.  H.  Willers,  1.  c., 
Taf.  XII,  8. 

/.  Clarence  S.  Bement.  .31  20/21  mm. 

g.  CL  C6te.  j3l  21/22  mm.  7,40  gr.  [damaged 

by  oxidation],  from  the  1914  find. 

h.  Dans  le  commerce.  .<31  22  mm.  7.79  gr.  [not 

fine].  Athens,  1921. 

[The  reverse  die  on  all  above  excepting  j 
c,  shows  a large  flaw  starting  dowm wards 
from  left  hand  of  Taras.  The  earliest 
stage  of  break  is  on  b,  f,  and  g,  and  latest 
on  a and  d.] 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

97 

Type  No.  I 

[No  inscription].  Same  type,  but  Pha- 
lanthos  with  curly  hair.  In  field  to  right, 
above,  large  cicada;  beneath,  large  cockle- 
shell. Raised  border  on  which  large  pel- 
lets between  two  linear  circles. 

I^  TAPAA/TIA/  1 0^  U to  r.).  Same 
type.  Double  linear  exergue.  Concave 
field. 

a.  Naples.  .<31  20/23  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Fiorelli. 
PL.  VI.  No.  1808. 

h.  M.P.  Vlasto.  20/23.5  mm.  7.86  gr.  Egger. 

PL.  VI.  26,  II,  1909  Sale,  lot  No.  23,  PI.  I,  23. 

L.  Correra,  Neapolis,  1.  c.,  Tav.  VI,  20. 
H.  Willers,  1.  c.,  Taf.  xii,  10. 

[The  reverse  die  on  both  a and  b shows 
a break  across  1.  leg  of  diphros  and  on  5 a 
break  from  the  hanging  fold  of  himation 
and  across  the  staff.] 

Type  No.  17 

From  same  die  as  No.  16. 

^A^AT  (i  tol.).  Taras,  with  short 
hair,  naked  to  waist,  seated  on  diphros  to 
r.  extending  with  1.  hand  kantharos  which 
he  holds  by  its  base;  his  r.  arm  raised  from 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

98 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

shoulder;  the  r.  hand  upon  the  upper  end 
of  knotty  staff  resting  upright  on  groimd. 
His  1.  leg  drawn  backwards  hides  the  fore- 
leg of  diphros.  Linear  exergue.  Concave 
field. 

a.  Boston.  23  mm.  8.03  gr.  Mus.  of  Fine 

PL , VI . Arts.  No.  04306 ; ex.  Warren  Coll.  (K. 

Regling,  1.  c.,  No.  24 ; ex.  Greenwell 
Coll. ; ex.  Montague,  1896,  Sale,  lot 
No.  27). 

h.  London.  JR  23  mm.  7.82  gr.  (pitted  by  oxi- 
dation, but  V.  fine).  Brit.  Mus.  Cat., 
p.  169,  No.  73 ; P.  Gardner,  Types  of 
Greek  Chins,  PI.  I,  20  (Reverse). 

c.  Paris.  JR  23  mm.  7.65  gr.  (not  fine),  de 

Luynes  Coll.,  No.  285. 

d.  Vienna.  JR  22/24  mm.  7.90  gr. ; (ex.  Carelli 

Coll.).  Cf.  Carelli,  D.  No.  79.  N.  I.  V. 
T.,  cvii,  71.  Avellino,  Giornale  Num., 
Naples,  1811,  p.  10.  T.  Caronini  (Mi- 
lan, 1806),  Tav.  VI,  fig.  50,  p.  159. 

e.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  22/23  7.61  gr.  [much 

worn]. 

[The  obverse  die  is  in  good  condition  on 
a and  d,  but  damaged  on  head  of  Phalan- 
thos  [cf.  PI.  V,  16A]  on  c and  e.  The  reverse 
shows  many  small  flaws,  especially  to  1.  of 
seated  oekist  and  beneath  diphros.] 

NUIMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

99 

Type  No.  I7A 

T A R A ^ ( ■%  to  r.) . Same  type,  but  the 
hair  of  Phalanthos  tied  in  knot  behind 
neck.  Border  of  dots. 

^ AR  AT  ( i to  1.).  Same  type,  but 
the  hair  of  Taras  tied  behind  ear  with 
small  fillet.  The  staff  is  plain,  and  fore- 
leg of  diphros  visible  between  the  feet  of 
seated  oekist.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visi- 
ble. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^51  21/24  mm.  7.91  gr. ; ex. 
PL . VI . Dell’  Erba  Coll.  L.  Correra,  Neapolis, 

1.  c.,  Tav.  VI,  23. 

b.  Prince  of  Waldeck.  JR  23.5  mm.  7.91  gr. 

PL.  VI. 

c.  Boston.  23  mm.  7.94  gr.  Mus.  of  F.  A., 

No.  04307 ; ex.  Warren  Coll.  (K.  Reg- 
ling,  1.  c.,  No.  25,  Taf.  I ; ex.Greenwell 
Coll.). 

d.  Prof.  Sir  Charles  Oman.  JR  20/23  mm.  8.05 

gr. 

e.  Paris.  Al  21/24  7*8o  gr.,  de  Luynes 

Coll.,  No.  284.  Garrucci,  T.  XCVII, 
29  (inscription  on  rev.  omitted). 

/.  Paris.  JR  22/25  mm.  8.02  gr.,  de  Luynes 
Coll.,  No.  286  (restruck). 
g.  Paris.  JR  21/23  mm-  7-95  gr.  Cabinet  des 
M^dailles,  R.  Rochette,  Type  IX,  p. 
206,  PI.  Ill,  25,  ex.  Dupr6  Sale,  No.  55. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

100 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

h.  (?)  ^ 22/24  mm.  7.79  gr.  (not  fine)  : ex. 

Sir  H.  Weber  Coll.  (Sotheby,  1882. 
Sale),  cf.  L.  Forrer,  Weber  Cat.,  PI.  24. 
No.  583. 

i.  Naples.  JR  23  mm.  Santangelo  Coll.,  Fio- 

relli.  No.  2348. 

j.  Berlin.  ^ 25/26  mm.  8.01  gr. ; ex.  F.  Im- 

hoof-Blumer  Coll. 

k.  Cl.  C6te.  .<31  23  mm.  7.70  gr. 

[The  obverse  die  is  in  fine  condition  on 
bi;  on  all  others  damaged  in  many 
places  to  the  r.  of  Type.  The  reverse  die 
has  a large  crack  on  all  known  specimens, 
from  staff,  crossing  the  chest  of  seated 
oekist  and  reaching  kantharos.] 

Type  No.  J8 

[No  inscription  visible].  Same  type  but 
Phalanthos  with  hair  short.  Border  of 
larger  dots. 

W TAI^A^  (i  to  L).  Same  type  but 
facing  1.  The  object  (probably  a distaff 
but  possibly  a kantharos)  held  in  extended 
r.  hand  is  effaced,  the  staff  held  in  1.  is 
knotty.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 
a.  Naples.  JR  22  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Fiorelli,  No. 
PL.  VI.  1807. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

lOI 

Type  No.  X9 

A 1 T (to  r.  and  1.  of  type).  Same  type. 
Border  of  dots  between  two  linear  circles. 

[No  inscription].  Same  type  but  the 
oekist  holds  distaff  in  r. ; the  staff  held  in 
1.  is  plain.  Die  outline  is  exceptionally 
noticeable. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .<31  23/25  mm.  7.26  gr.  [worn] 
PL . VI . from  the  1914  find. 
h.  Naples.  .31  21  mm.  [Very  poor.]  Santan- 
gelo  ColL,  Fiorelli,  No.  2353. 

[The  obverse  die  has  cracked  behind 
Phalanthos’  loins.] 

Type  No.  J9A 

[No  inscription  visible.]  Same  type, 
from  another  die. 

Same,  from  another  die. 
a.  Cambridge.  .<^  20/21  mm.  7.87  gr.  Fitz- 
william  Mus. ; ex.  McClean  Coll,  (very 
poor  and  restruck  on  uncertain  type) . 
Cf.  H.  Hoffman,  1.  c.,  p.  97,  No.  239 
(poor) ; ex.  Coll.  Fontana,  Trieste  (read 
A 1 n in  place  of  A | T.,  possibly  from 
same  dies  as  No.  19). 

Type  No.  16.  In  1782,  C.  Combe  first 
published  this  poorly  preserved  nomos  in 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

102 

TAPA2  OIKIETH2 

his  catalogue  of  the  Hunterian  collection, 
as  follows:  “ Figurafere  nuda  sedens  a s.d. 
tres  hordei  spicas,  s.  fusum,”  and  his  highly 
fanciful  and  inaccurate  engraving  of  the 
coin  shows  the  seated  oekist  holding  in  his 
right  hand,  three  disproportionally  large 
ears  of  com  while  he  is  clutching  in  his  left 
hand  a short  distaff.  Carelli’s  figure,  taken 
from  Combe’s  engraving,  is  equally  absurd 
and  misleading.  R.  Rochette,  however, 
when  referring ”3  to  this  coin,  recognized 
that  the  seated  figure  held  the  usual  long 
staff  in  his  left  hand,  but  did  not  observe 
that  the  supposed  ears  of  com  were  only 
flaws  of  the  die  or  possibly  traces  of  re- 
striking as  suggested  to  me  by  Mr.  G. 
Macdonald  after  a recent  examination  of 
the  Hunter  coin.  That  the  coin  is  not  re- 
stmck  is  proved  by  the  beautifully  pre- 
served nomos  which  has  quite  recently 
come  to  my  notice  through  the  kindness  of 
Dr.  K.  Regling.  This  oekist  [PI.  V,  i6B], 
from  the  same  dies  as  the  Hunter  example, 
and  exhibiting  the  identical  flaws  to  the 
right  of  the  seated  oekist,  is  in  the  Prince 
of  Waideck’s  splendid  collection  at  Arolsen. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  AS  OIKISTHS 

103 

On  this  very  fine  coin  we  can  see  clearly 
that  the  nght  hand  of  Taras  is  empty. 
Possibly  he  extends  his  hand  to  receive  a 
small  dolphin, ”4  unless  this  too  is  merely 
one  of  the  die-flaws  that  has  the  fortuitous 
appearance  of  a small  dolphin  swimming 
downwards  from  right  to  left.  The  soit 
disant  stems  and  two  other  ears  of  com 
are  certainly  only  flaws  of  the  die.  At  any 
rate  the  conception  of  the  seated  oekist,  as 
patron  of  the  Tarentine  harvests, ”5  may 
now  be  safely  dismissed. 

The  reverse  die  of  this  type,  strikingly 
recalling  the  archaic  character  of  No.  14, 
is  certainly  the  work  of  the  same  engraver. 

Type  No.  16A.  The  community  of  the 
obverse  die  between  the  apparently  unique 
Nervegna  coin  and  No.  16,  shows  that  the 
interval  betewen  their  issue  must  have 
been  slight,  but  considering  the  worn  con- 
dition of  this  die  on  No.  16A,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  these  two  issues  are  placed 
here  in  their  proper  chronological  sequence. 
We  shall  again  And  this  obverse  die  asso- 
ciated with  a new  reverse  [No.  17,  PI. 
VI]  and  judging  from  the  occasionally 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

104 

TAPAi:  OIKIETH2 

fine  condition  of  the  die  in  this  third  asso- 
ciation, it  must  have  been  put  in  use,  first 
concurrently,  and  then  in  alternation,  with 
the  reverse  of  No.  i6A.  The  highly  inter- 
esting reverse  die  of  No.  i6A,  with  the 
legend  TARANTINOS,  had  already  been 
in  use  for  some  time  with  another  obverse 
die  on  No.  14C  [PI.  Ill],  but  owing  to 
the  not  quite  satisfactory  condition  of  the 
three  specimens  hitherto  known,  it  is  im- 
possible to  decide  which  of  the  issues  pre- 
ceded the  other. 

Type  No.  16B.  When  I first  published 
this  very  interesting  and  extremely  rare 
variety,  eleven  years  ago,  I did  not  take 
into  account  its  blurred  condition.  This 
is  owing  to  a slip  of  the  die,  in  the  right 
part  of  the  field  of  my  coin  which  is  other- 
wise in  brilliant  condition.  I ventured  to 
explain  the  letter  A,  placed  to  the  left  of 
Phalanthos,  as  the  abbreviated  signature 
of  a mint  official  or  engraver  of  the  coin. 
The  specimen  in  Mr.  C.  Cote’s  collection, 
from  the  same  dies,  is  unfortunately  in 
rather  poor  condition  and  rubbed  to  right 
of  the  dolphin  rider.  This  nomos,  how- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

105 

ever,  shows  faint  traces  of  the  letter  T 
placed  opposite  the  A i^ear  the  border,  and 
the  inscription  must  be  read  A I T,  [TA 
retrograde]  an  unusual,  though  not  unique, 
abbreviation  of  the  ethnic  in  the  early 
coinage  of  Tarentumd^^  This  reading  is 
confirmed  by  another  extremely  rare  and 
hitherto  unpublished  oekist  [see  No.  19, 
PI.  VI]  a specimen  of  which  was  included 
in  the  1914  find  with  Mr.  C.  Cote’s  exam- 
ple of  No.  16B. 

Types  Nos.  16C  to  16G  are  rather  com- 
mon and  do  not  call  for  any  special  re- 
marks. Type  No.  16E,  however,  is  highly 
important  as  sharing  its  obverse  die  with 
the  apparently  unique  wreathed  oekist  of 
No.  1 3 A.  The  condition  of  this  obverse 
die  shows  that  the  wreathed  issue  was  pre- 
ceded by  No.  16E. 

Type  No.  16H.  I have  already  pointed 
out  the  import  of  the  legend  TAPAA/TI- 
NOt  associated  with  the  type  of  Phalan- 
thos  riding  the  dolphin.  The  last  two  let- 
ters 0^  of  the  inscription  are  clearly  legi- 
ble only  on  examples  d and  c. 

Type  No.  16I.  The  great  interest  of 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

io6 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

this  remarkably  rare  type  lies  in  the  large 
cicada  “7  which  appears  in  the  field  of  the 
obverse  die,  behind  Phalanthos  above  the 
dolphin.  Fiorelli  when  first  publishing  the 
Naples  example,  on  which  the  symbol  is 
not  struck  up,  added  only : dietro  simh. 
incerto.  One  must  note  the  minute  and 
realistic  skill  with  which  the  artist  has  de- 
picted the  membranous,  diaphanous  wings 
of  the  cicada,  so  clearly  recognizable  on 
my  fine  specimen  [see  PI.  VI],  The  quite 
exceptional  position  of  this  symbol  is  rather 
difficult  to  explain  being  in  contradiction 
to  the  unchallenged  theory  of  Sir  Arthur 
Evans  that  at  Tarentmn  before  circa  350 
B.  C.  all  the  S5mibols— fish,  cockle-shell, 
dolphin,  murex,  cuttle-fish,  cray-fish  or 
crab  — placed  in  the  field  are  in  no  case 
associated  with  the  figure  of  the  dolphin 
rider.  “The  marine  objects  may  them- 
selves be  regarded  as  an  integral  part  of 
the  type  and  as  representing,  like  the  curl- 
ing waves  that  sometimes  replace  them,  at 
times  the  little  inner  sea  of  Tarentum,  at 
times  the  open  Ionian  waters,  on  the  pro- 
duce of  both  of  which  the  life  and  indus- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  AS  OIKISTHS 

107 

tries  of  the  city  were  so  largely  depend- 
ent.” 

The  cicada,  however,  is  a solar  symbol 
often  associated  with  Apollo.  The  histori- 
cal founder  of  Tarentum,  Phalanthos, 
bom  at  Amyklae,”^  a centre  of  Mycen- 
aean culture  of  Laconia,  is  only  a modifica- 
tion of  the  Delphinian  Apollo  of  Cretan 
descent, ”9  and  this  quite  exceptional 
cicada-symbol  is  thus  appropriate  for 
the  Amyklaean  Phalanthos.  Should  this 
explanation  be  rejected,  we  might  con- 
sider as  an  alternative  that  the  cicada  rep- 
resents a marque  atelier,  possibly  dedica- 
ted or  situated  near  the  Temple  of  the 
Hyakinthian  Apollo  of  the  city. 

It  is  highly  probable  that  the  several 
different  “ botteghe  ” or  “ ateliers  ”,  of  the 
early  Tarentine  mint  may  have  been  dedi- 
cated to  the  deities  and  state  patrons  of 
the  city.  I am  rather  inclined  to  consider 
the  hitherto  unexplained  and  often  con- 
spicuous single  letters  that  appear  in  the 
field  of  the  earliest  horsemen  of  late  archaic 
style  struck  c.  450  B.  C.,  or  somewhat  ear- 
lier [see  p.  1 12]  as  mint  marks  of  some  of 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

io8 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

the  Tarentine  ateliers  (with  the  exception 
of  0,  probably  an  early  engraver’s  signa- 
ture) the  letter  P or  H standing  for  Posei- 
dond^°  A for  Apollo,  and  J for  Taras.  Cf. 
Evans,  PI.  II,  2 and  4 with  P , Evans,  PI.  II, 
5 (with  inverted  A near  the  left  elbow  of 
Phalanthos) , and  Evans,  PI.  II,  i,  with  T. 

Type  No.  17.  In  spite  of  the  very  fine 
workmanship  of  this  rare  version  of  the  epon- 
ymous hero,  this  oekist  must  be  included  in 
the  present  group  because  its  obverse  is 
from  the  same  die  as  Nos.  16  and  16A. 
The  peculiar  position  of  the  right  arm  and 
hand  of  Taras  is  also  found  on  contemporary 
types  of  Rhegium  and  shows  clearly  the 
influence  of  early  fifth  century  Attic 
models. 

Type  No.  17A.  This  type,  very  similar 
to  that  preceding,  is  much  more  common 
but  of  equal  merit,  and  both  these  reverse 
dies  may  well  be  the  work  of  the  same 
artist. 

Type  No.  18.  The  Naples  oekist  seems 
to  be  unique,  but  owing  to  its  defective 
striking  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  if  this 
nomos  is  a replica  of  Nos.  17  and  17A  or 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKIETH'S 


09 


a modification  of  the  following  No.  19. 

Type  No.  19.  This  extremely  rare  oekist 
happily  confirms  the  reading  of  the  unusual 
form  of  the  ethnic  A | T?  separated  by  the 
type,  submitted  for  No.  16B,  the  letter  T 
being  very  distinct  on  the  original  in  my 
collection  [cf.  PI.  VI,  19a]. 


PERIOD  III 


Circa  B.  C.  460-443. 

It  must  of  course  be  understood  that  the 
time  limits  assigned  to  this  period  are  only 
approximate.  There  is  no  historieal  infor- 
mation for  this  interval  that  ean  supply  any 
help  in  our  elassifieation.  It  will  however 
hardly  be  doubted  that  it  is  in  the  years 
immediately  following  c.  460  B.  C.,  that 
the  first  issues  of  Tarentine  nomoi  with 
the  horseman,  of  very  early  transitional 
style,  finally  superseded  the  latest  hippo- 
camp  and  youthful  head  reverses.  These 
were  probably  struck  during  certain  ago- 
nistic festivities,  together  with  the  oekists, 
some  of  which  are  combined  with  strik- 


AND  MONOGRAPHS 


I 10 

TAPAE  OIKIETH2 

ingly  similar,  obverse  diesy^^  I have  not 
been  able  to  trace  any  early  horseman 
actually  sharing  the  same  irapdar^fiov  die 
with  an  oekist,  though,  it  is  well  known, 
that  some  “wheel”  and  “archaic  youth- 
ful head”  nomoi  have  the  same  obverse 
die  in  common.  I have  in  my  collection 
two  nomoi  of  early  transitional  style,  one 
with  the  hippocamp,  the  other  with  the 
head  of  Satyra,  both  struck  from  the  same 
obverse  die.  We  may  therefore  surmise 
that  the  oekists  and  the  contemporary 
early  horsemen  were  probably  issued  in 
different  ateliers.  The  style  and  morpho- 
logical succession  of  their  obverse  types 
are  unquestionably  similar  in  both  series, 
and  there  can  be  little  doubt  of  their  con  - 
temporaneity.  This  is  also  confirmed  at 
times  by  epigraphic  evidence,  and  by  the 
contents  of  well-known  finds  such  as  the 
Paestum  (1858)  and  the  1864  Calabrian 
hoards^^3  which  included,  side  by  side, 
oekists  and  very  early  horsemen  equally 
well  preserved. 

The  following  oekists  can  be  classified 
according  to  the  data  obtained  from  their 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKI2THE 

1 1 1 

die-combinations.  There  must  also  be 
taken  into  account,  criteria  based  on  the 
development  of  their  workmanship  which 
progresses  rapidly  from  transitional  to 
early  fine  style  during  the  first  ten  years 
proposed  for  their  issue. 

The  oekists  of  this  period  are  character- 
ized by  an  increased  delicacy  in  rendering 
details  and  by  a truer  understanding  of  the 
anatomical  structure  of  the  human  body, 
combined  with  a greater  freedom  of  move- 
ment. Towards  the  end  of  this  issue  we 
shall  observe  the  first  artless  attempts  to 
render  true  linear  perspective  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  four-legged  diphros.’'^^ 

On  the  oekists  of  this  third  period,  the 
double  circle  border  enclosing  a ring  of 
beads  or  pellets,  has  wholly  disappeared. 
This  border,  however,  is  found  on  many  of 
the  earliest  horsemen  such  as  Type  Ai 
[Evans,  Period  I,  PI.  II,  i]  or  Bi  [Evans, 
Period  II,  PI.  II,  4]  with  the  same  “mint 
mark”  T as  the  architype  of  the  horse- 
men Bi  [Evans,  Period  I,  PI.  II,  2]  with 
the  legend  TAPA/VTI/VQ/V  HMi.  That 
this  horseman  Bi  [Ev.,  Per.  II]  must  be 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

I 12 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

brought  back  among  the  first  ivssues  of 
Period  I is  proved  by  the  cut  below,  from 
the  splendid  ^^5  example  in  my  collection 
(see  Fig.  No.  3).  The  horseman  of  this 
type  published  by  Sir  Arthur  Evans,  PI. 
II,  4,  struck  on  a small  flan,  does  not  show 
the  early  border  surrounding  the  obverse 
type. 

Fig.  No.  3 
Circa  B.  C.  460-443 

(Transitional  to  early  fine  style) 

Type  No.  20 

^ASAT  (reading  inwardly  to  r.). 

Phalanthos  naked,  the  hair  short,  astride 
on  dolphin  to  1.,  his  r.  arm  extended  and 
resting  his  1.  hand  on  dolphin’s  back;  be- 
neath, cockle-shell  (hinge  upwards).  No 
border. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  OIKISTH2 

ii3 

W TAR  1 (reading  inwardly  the 

placed  between  r.  leg  of  diphros  and  lower 
part  of  staff,  ^ to  r.).  Taras  naked 
to  waist,  the  hair  curly,  seated  1.  on  diph- 
ros, holding  distaff  in  r.  hand  and  in  1.  with 
upraised  arm,  staff  resting  obliquely  on 
ground.  The  fore-leg  of  diphros  is  not 
visible  behind  r.  leg  of  the  seated  oekist. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 21/22  nim.  7.14  gr.  (has 
PL . VI . lost  weight  through  cleaning)  probably 

from  the  Gerace  (?)  1920  find. 

b.  Naples.  22  mm.  (Very  poor.)  Mus.  Naz., 

Fiorelli,  No.  1807. 

c.  Naples.  .<51  23  mm,  (Not  fine).  Santangelo 

Coll., Fiorelli,  No.  2346. 

d.  Naples.  ^21  mm.  (Very  poor).  Santan- 

gelo Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2347. 

e.  Berlin.  .51  21/24  mm.  7.88  gr,  (not  fineh  ex. 

Ldbbecke  Coll. 

/.  P.  Mathey.  20  mm.  6.90  gr.(?).  Hirsch 

XV  Sale  (1906),  p.  31,  No.  387  (G. 
Philipsen  Coll.). 

Type  No«  20A 

From  same  die  as  No.  20. 

[No  inscription].  Same  type,  larger. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

1 

i 

i 

1 

1 

I 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 14 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

a.  Cl.  C6te.  ^ 24/23  mm.  7.58  gr. ; ex.  Sir 
PL.  VI.  Herman  Weber  Coll.  L.  Forrer,  Weber 
Cat.,  PI.  24,  No.  534. 

Type  No.  20B 

From  same  die  as  No.  20. 

R7  [No  inscription].  Same  type,  but 
both  legs  of  diphros  visible. 
a.  Berlin.  HI  23  mm.  7.80  gr.  Dressel,  1.  c.,  p. 
PL.  VI.  237,  No.  73. 

h.  Cl.  C6te.  HI  20/22  mm.  7.90  gr. ; ex.  L.  Na- 
ville  Coll. ; ex.  Dr.  S.  Pozzi  Coll.,  cf. 
Cat.  de  la  Coll.  Pozzi  by  A.  Dieudonne 
(unpublished),  PI.  XII,  No.  312. 

Type  No.  21 

From  same  die  as  No.  20, 

R?  Taras,  naked  to  waist,  the  hair  curly, 
seated  1.  on  diphros  with  its  four  legs  drawn 
in  perspective,  holding  kantharos  by  han- 
dle in  extended  r.,  and  in  1.  distaff  sup- 
ported by  1.  arm.  His  r.  foot  rests  on  stool 
with  lion’s  feet,  his  1.  leg,  naked  from  knee, 
dravm  backwards.  Double  linear  exergue, 
the  one  beneath  dotted.  Concave  field. 
[Cf.  No.  31,  PI.  VII.] 

a.  Cambridge.  HI  21  mm.  7.83  gr.  Fitzwilliam 
PL . VI . Museum,  McClean  Coll. ; (ex.  Con- 

N U M I S M A T I C NOTES 

V, 


TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

115 

sul  E.  F.  Weber  Coll.,  Hirsch  XXI 
Sale,  PI.  II,  No.  296.) 

h.  Bologna.  ^ 20/22  mm.  (Very  poor.)  Me- 
dagliere  Universitario.  Cf.  Carelli,  N. 
I.  V.  T.  evil,  68. 

[The  obv.  die  of  Nos.  20  and  20A  is  in 
fine  condition;  on  Nos.  20B  and  21  it  shows 
unmistakable  signs  of  wear,  and  a large  flaw 
hides  Phalanthos’  left  hand  and  crosses  the 
dolphin’s  back.] 

Type  No.  22 

TAPA  1 N 1 TINQN  (N  above).  Pha- 
lanthos  naked,  seated  on  dolphin  1.,  r.  arm 
extended  holding  strigil,  1.  resting  on  dol- 
phin’s back;  beneath,  prawn  to  1. 

[TAPANTI]N  1 0^  to  r.,  the 

0^  beneath  diphros,  to  r.).  Taras  naked 
to  waist,  seated  1.,  on  diphros,  holding  dis- 
taff in  r.  and  staff  in  1.,  arm  raised  from 
shoulder  (as  No.  20). 

a.  Naples.  ^31  20  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 
PL.  VII.  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2357. 

Type  No.  23 

From  same  die  as  No.  22. 

TARA^  to  r.).  Same  type  but 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 16 

TAPA2  OIKISTHE 

Taras  resting  1.  hand  on  comer  of  diphros. 
Outline  of  rever.se  die  visible. 
a.  Aberdeen.  Al  21  mm.  7.865  gr.  Aberdeen. 
PL . VII . University,  Anthropological  Museum. 

Type  No.  24 

Froiii  same  die  as  No.  22. 

W TAPA^  CA  to  r.).  Taras  naked  to 
waist,  seated  to  1.  on  diphros  holding  dis- 
taff in  r.  and  staff  in  1.  beneath  arm -pit  (as 
No.  14).  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 
a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  Al  20mm.  7.86  gr.,  ex.  Strozzi. 
PL.  VII.  1907,  Sale,  No.  844,  PI.  III. 
h.  Brussels.  Al  22.5  mm.  7.89  gr.  Cabinet  des 
PL . VII . Medailles,  Baron  L.  de  Hirsch  Coll. 

c.  Cl.  C6te.  Al  21  mm.  7.45  gr.  (not  fine)  found 

at  Taranto,  1918. 

d.  Picard..  Al  22  mm.  7.65  gr. 

e.  Marquis  R.  Ginori.  JR  21  mm.  7.78  gr. 

Type  No.  25 

[No  inscription].  Taras,  the  hair  curly, 
naked  to  waist,  seated  1.  on  diphros,  hold- 
ing distaff  in  r.  and  staff  in  1.  beneath  arm- 
pit  (cf.  Nos.  16A-16  I). 

1^'  [No  inscription].  Phalanthos  naked, 
seated  on  dolphin  1.,  arms  extended  ap- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

117 

plauding,  beneath,  cockle-shell  (hinge  up- 
wards). No  border.  Outline  of  reverse 
die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 26/25.5  mm.  7.70  gr.  (ob- 
PL . VII . verse  slightly  double-struck) , ex. 

Booth  Sale,  lot  No.  7.  H.  Willers,  1.  c., 
Taf.  XII,  9- 

h.  (?)  .ai  25  mm.  8.01  gr.  Cf.  Carelli  D.  71. 

Type  No.  25 A 

From  same  die  as  No.  25. 

TARA^  CN  to  r.,  added).  Other- 
wise as  die  of  No.  25.  Concave  field. 

a.  Naples.  23/24mm.  Santangelo  Coll.  Fi- 

PL.  VII.  orelli,  No.  2350. 

b.  Turin.  .<31  23/26.5  mm.  7.86  gr.  Medagliere 

del  Re. 

c.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  31  26.5/26  mm.  7.84  gr. ; ex. 

Booth  Sale,  lot  No.  7. 

d.  Berlin.  M 24  mm.  6.73  gr.  (very  poor). 

Dressel,  1.  c.,  p.  237,  No.  74. 

e.  Copenhagen.  .31  24  mm.  7.79  gr.  Royal 

Num.  Cab.  (National  Museum). 

/.  Cl.  C6te.  .31  25/20  mm.  7.64  gr.  (not  fine), 
g.  (?)  M 22/24  mm.  7.64  gr.  (worn).  S. 

Benson  Sale,  PI.  I,  No.  24  (ex.  Bun- 
bury  Sale,  lot  No.  88). 

/?.(?)  .31  25  mm.  7.60  gr.  Cf.  Carelli  D 

No.  70. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

ii8 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

i.  (?)  25  mm.  6.97  gr.  (pitted  by  oxida- 

tion). Paris,  17,  12,  1921,  Sale,  Coll, 
d'un  Artiste,  lot  No.  12  (P.  Mathey). 

[The  following  oekists  which  I have  not 
been  able  to  trace  were  probably  of  type 
Nos.  25  or  25A:  1-2,  Greau,  Paris  Sale 
(1867),  lots  Nos.  281,  282;  3,  F.  Bompois, 
Paris  Sale  (1882),  lot  No.  155;  4,  Capo 
Sale,  Rome  (1891),  lot  No.  1096. 

Type  No.  26 

T 1 APA  1 A/  1 Tl  1 NQ.N  (Q  around). 
Phalanthos,  the  hair  rather  long  and  wavy, 
naked,  seated  r.  on  dolphin;  1.  hand  ex- 
tended with  open  palm;  beneath,  large 
cockle-shell  (hinge  upwards). 

Taras,  the  hair  short,  naked  to  waist, 
seated  to  1.  on  diphros,  holding  distaff  and 
staff  beneath  arm -pit,  as  No.  25  (obverse). 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Naples.  23  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Fiorelli,  No. 

PL.  Vin.  1803,  Garrucci  T.  XCVII,  No.  30. 

b.  Vienna.  22/26  mm.  7.34  gr.  (very  poor) . 

(ex.  Carelli  Coll.).  Carelli  D.  67,  N. 
I.  V.  T.,  evil.  74. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2THE 

119 

c.  London.  ^ 22.5/23  mm.  7.85  gr.  Brit. 

Mus.,  (ex.  James  Whittall  Sale  (Sothe- 
by.  1884),  lot  No.  88). 

c?.  ( ?)  .(31  22/23  mm.  8 gr.  (with  ^ in  graf- 

fito in  f.  to  r.  of  obverse),  from  the 
Hirsch  XV  Sale,  1906,  lot  No.  386  (G. 
Philipsen). 

Type  No.  27 

From  same  die  as  No.  26. 

Taras,  the  hair  wavy,  naked  to  waist, 
seated  1.  on  diphros  holding  distaff  and 
and  staff,  arm  raised  from  shoulder  as  No. 
20.  No  exergue.  Concave  field. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  3R  23  mm.  7.26  gr.  In  f.  to 
PL.  VIII.  1.  of  rev.  ^ in  graffito  (ex.  P.  Mathey 

Coll.) 

b.  London.  .31  23/25  mm.  7.74  gr.  Brit.  Mus. 

Cat.,  No.  76.  Evans,  1.  c.,  PI.  I,  9. 

c.  Vienna.  ^31  20/22.5  mm.  7.97  gr.  (ex.  Carelli 

Coll.)  Carelli  D.  66,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  CVI, 
57  (inaccurate). 

d.  Cambridge.  .31  23  mm.  7.31  gr.  (very  poor). 

Fitzwilliam  Mus.,  McClean  Coll.  (ex. 
M.  P.  Vlasto  Coll). 

e.  Cl.  Cote.  3R  23  mm.  7.30  gr.  (not  fine), 

(M.  P.  Vlasto  Coll). 

/.  E.  J.  Seltman.  31  23  mm.  7.50  gr.  Hirsch 
XXI  Sale,  No.  297  (Consul  Weber). 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

120 

1 

TAPAS  0IKI2THS 

1 

i 

i 

1 

1 

! 

i 

i 

g.  (?)  ^ 23  mm.  7.98  gr.  Nervegna  Sa.e, 

PI.  II,  No.  279. 

h.  (?)  .<31  25  mm.  6.58  gr.  Formerly  at 

Lewes  House,  E.  P.  Warren  Coll.  (K. 
Regling,  1.  c.,  p.  5,  No.  26). 

i.  Turin.  HI  23  mm.  Med.  del  Re. 

Type  No,  28 

[No  inscription  visible].  Phalanthos 
naked,  seated  on  dolphin  to  1.,  r.  arm  ex- 
tended, resting  1.  hand  on  dolphin’s  back 
(as  on  No.  20).  No  cockle-shell  beneath. 

Same  type,  plain  exergue. 
a.  Naples.  HI  23  mm.  (very  poor).  Santangeh 
PL.Vni.  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2345. 

Type  No.  29 

[N 0 inscription  visible] . Same  type , but 
beneath  dolphin  a murex  {tritonium  nodi- 
ferum).  Linear  incuse  border. 

^ Same  type  as  No.  28,  but  the  two 
back  legs  of  diphros  show  in  perspective. 
a.  Naples.  HI  23  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 
PL.Vm.  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2354.  Carelli,  N.  I. 
V.  T.,  CVI,  56  (very  inaccurate). 

Type  No.  30 

[No  inscription].  Phalanthos  rather  di- 
shevelled, naked  and  ithyphallic,  astride 

! 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH5; 

12 1 

dolphin- to  1.,  extending  with  r.  an  olive 
wreath  and  resting  1.  on  dolphin’s  back. 
Beneath,  large  prawn  (palemon). 

B/  TAPA  ! ^ (The  ^ between  staff  and 
r.  leg  of  diphros  to  r.).  Taras,  naked  to 
waist,  seated  on  diphros  to  1.  holding  distaff 
and  long  staff,  r.  arm  raised  from  shoulder, 
as  on  No.  20. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 22  mm.  7.74  gr.  (ex.  E.  j. 
PL.Vn.  Seltman  Coll.).  L.  Covrera,  Neapolis, 

1.  c.,  Tav.  VI,  25. 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  22  mm.  7.94  gr.  (ex.  F.  W. 

V.  Peterson  Sale,  lot  No.  7). 

c.  Vienna.  .<31  23  mm.  7.63  gr.  (ex.  Carelli 
PL.vn.  Coll.).  Carelli  D.  72,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  CVI, 

64. 

d.  Cl.  C6te.  ^ 21/23  mm.  7.38  gr.  (rev.  pitted 

by  oxidation),  from  the  1914  find. 

e.  (?)  JR  21  mm.  7.73  gr.  Hartwig,  Rome 

Sale,  1910,  cf.  No.  84  (with  TAPA2)  on 
obv.?). 

/.  ( ?)  .<R  21  mm.  7.28  gr.  (poor).  Hirsch 

XXXIII  Sale,  1913,  lot  No.  44,  from 
the  1908  find. 

Type  No.  31 

From  same  die  as  No.  30. 

B/  From  same  die  as  No.  21. 
a.  Glasgow.  .<31  23/24  mm.  8.21  gr.  Hunter 

1 

1 

1 

I 

;! 

) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 

122 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

j 

i 

PL.  VII.  Coll.,  Macdonald,  1.  c..  No.  lo,  C. 

Combe.  Tab.  55,  IX;  Avellino,  1.  c., 
p.  77,  No.  317.  F.  de  Dominicis,  Rep 
Num.  (Naples,  1827),  T.  ii,  No.  3,  p. 
406. 

b.  Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans.  Al  22/23.5  mm.  7.74 
PL.  VII.  gr.  (ex.  P.  Mathey  Coll.),  ex.  Paris,  20 

June,  1906,  Sale,  lot  No.  88,  (ex.  R. 
Jameson  ; ex.  A.  J.  Evans  Coll ). 

c.  Vienna.  22/23  mm.  7.92  gr.  Cf.  Carelli, 

N.  I.  V.  T.,  evil,  67  (very  inaccurate). 

d.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  22/23  mm.  7.20  gr.  (some- 

what worn).  Ratto,  Genova,  April 
1909,  Sale,  lot  No.  769. 

Type  No.  32 

From  same  die  as  No.  30. 

Taras  naked  to  waist,  seated  to  1.  and 
leaning  forward  on  chair,  the  four  legs  of 
which  are  drawn  in  perspective,  extending 
in  r.  hand  kantharos  (?)  and  holding  in  1. 
distaff.  He  rests  r.  foot  on  stool,  and  his  1. 
leg  is  drawn  backwards. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  20  mm.  7.90  gr.  (very  poor 
PL.  VII.  and  badly  worn),  ex.  Caprotti  Coll. 

b.  Cl.  C6te.  iR  21/23  mm.  7.05  gr.  (very  much 
PL.  VII.  corroded  by  oxidation  and  bad  clean- 
ing). 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

V. 


TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

123 

Type  No.  33 

Taras,  the  hair  wavy,  bound  with  fillet, 
some  curls  reaching  the  nape  of  his  neck, 
naked  to  waist,  seated  to  1.  on  diphros, 
holding  in  extended  r.  hand  by  handle,  a 
kantharos  inclined  over  an  altar  which  is 
garlanded  with  an  olive  wreath  and  crown- 
ed with  a triangular  roof  ornamented  right 
and  left  with  volutes.  The  altar  is  placed 
on  a square  base.  Taras  holds  in  his  1. 
hand  a very  long -handled  distaff  inclined 
against  his  1.  arm.  His  r.  foot  rests  on  base 
of  altar,  and  his  1.  on  ground,  partly  hiding 
fore -leg  of  diphros.  Border  of  small  dots. 

W TAPA/V  1 Tl  1 A/fiA/  (in  small  letters 
around  and  above  Q).  Phalanthos,  the 
hair  long  and  blown  backwards  by  the 
breeze,  naked,  seated  on  dolphin  to  r.,  his  1. 
hand  extended  with  open  palm,  resting  r. 
hand  on  dolphin’s  back.  Beneath,  cockle- 
shell (hinge,  upwards) . Outline  of  reverse 
die  visible. 

a.  Cambridge.  23  mm.  8 gr.  Fitzwilliam 

PL.  Vin.  Mus.,  McClean  Coll. 

b.  Paris.  .<31  22/23  mm.  7.75  gr.  de  Luynes 
PL.  Vni.  Coll.,  No  270  (ex.  Dupre  Coll.). 

1 

i! 

i 

1 

i 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

124 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

1 

1 

?! 

i 

!| 

1 

c.  Paris.  .31  25111111.  8.01  gr.  Cabinet  des  Med., 

No.  275,  de  Luynes  Coll.  (ex.  R.  Ro- 
chette  Coll.).  R.  Rochette,  Type  XIII, 
» p.  209,  PI.  IV,  34. 

d.  London.  ^ 21/22  mm.  7.97  gr.  Brit.  Mus. 

Cat.,  No.  85.  Evans,  1.  c.,  PI.  I,  ii. 

e.  London.  .31  22/23  mm.  7.88  gr.  (not  fine). 

Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  No.  86  (ex.  Millingen 
Coll.  (?) 

/.Berlin.  3R  22/23  mm.  8-03  gr.  Dressel,  1.  c.. 
No.  84,  Taf.  XI,  175  (ex.  Fox  Coll.). 

g.  Berlin.  21/23  mm.  7-98  gr.  Dressel,  1.  c.. 

No.  85  (ex.  Prokesch  Coll.). 

h.  Vienna.  .31  20/22  mm.  6.81  gr.  (very  poor), 

ex.  J.  Greau  Sale,  No.  28  ( ?). 

i.  Vienna.  M 23  mm.  7.96  gr.  (ex.  Carelli 
PL.  VIII.  Coll).  Carelli  D.  77,  N.  I.  V.  T., 

evil,  65  [cf.  Garrucci  T.  XCVII,  blun- 
dered representation  with  a rev.  copied 
from  R.  Rochette’s  PI.  IV,  36,  belong- 
ing to  another  type]. 

j.  Naples.  .31  20/25  mm.  (Worn).  Mus.  Naz., 

Santangelo  Coll,  Fiorelli,  No.  2367 
[cf.  L.  Sambon,  1 c.,  p.  239,  No.  29].  P. 
Magnan  Miscell,  T.  I,  Tab.  39,  XVIII. 
Avellino,  p.  77,  No.  320;  F.  de  Domi- 
nicis,  T.  II,  p.  406,  No.  5. 

k.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  23/25  mm.  8 gr.  Frank- 

furt/a/M.  1902  Sale,  No.  219  (ex.  Im- 
hoof-Blumer  Coll.). 

L Cl  C6te.  22/25  mm.  7.76  gr.,  ex.  M.  P. 

NUMISIMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

125 

Vlasto  Coll. ; ex.  Paris  22  May,  1908, 
Sale,  PI.  I,  16;  ex.  Caprotti  Coll. 

m.  De  Loye.  ^31  23  mm.  7.80  gr.  (poor). 

n.  New  York.  .^31  23  mm.  7.97  gr.  (Metropoli- 

tan Museum)  J.  P.  Morgan  Gift  (ex. 
J.  Ward  Coll  ).  Cf.  G.  F.  Hill,  Ward 
Cat.,  p.  54,  No.  23. 

[The  obv.  die  shows  a very  small  flaw 
on  distaff  near  the  oekist’s  shoulder  on  a, 
j,  and  m ; this  break  is  in  a more  advanced 
stage  on  h,  c,  d,  e,  f,  g,  k,  1,  n,  and  reaches 
the  border  on  h and  i.  A glance  at  the 
three  coins  reproduced  on  PI.  VIII,  shows 
clearly  the  advancing  wear  and  the  princi- 
pal phases  of  this  break.] 

Type  No,  34 

Same  die  as  No.  26,  recut  and  repaired. 
Taras,  the  hair  short  and  wavy, 
naked  to  waist,  seated  to  1.  on  diphros, 
holding  kantharos  and  distaff,  his  r.  foot 
resting  on  stool  with  lion’s  feet  (same  type 
as  No.  21,  but  without  exergue).  Outline 
of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Vienna.  .31  22/24  mm.  8.01  gr. 

PL.vm. 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  25/26  mm.  7.80  gr.,  ex.  E. 
PL.  VIII.  J.  Seltman  Coll. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

126 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

c.  Paris.  ^ 23/27  mm.  7.95  gr.  Cabinet  des 

M'6dailles.  R.  Rochette,  Tyt>e  XII, 
p.  208,  PI.  IV,  32.  Rei>.  (1905), 

p.  68,  No.  45.  PI-  II.  • 

d.  PaHs.  21/23  mm.  7.96  gt.  de  Luynes 

Coll.,  No.  272  (ex.  R.  R'ocbette  Coll.). 
R.  Rochette,  PI.  IV,  33. 

e.  Glasgow.  ^31  23/25  mm.  7.60  gr.  (poor). 

Hunter  Coll.,  Macdonald,  No.  12.  C. 
Cdmbe,  1.  c.,  PI.  55,  No.  Vl.  Avellino, 
1.  c.,  p.  77,  No.  319.  Carelli,  N.  I.  V. 
T.,  evil,  66. 

/.  Munich.  iR  20/20.5  mm. 

g.  Copenhagen.  M 23/25  mm.  7.64  gr.  (not 

fine). 

h.  Berlin.  ^ 22/23  mm.  7.88  gr.,  ex.  Lobbecke 

Coll. 

i.  Berlin.  20/21  mm.  7.44  gr.,  ex.  Lobbecke 

Coll. 

j.  Sir  Arthur  Evans.  Al  23/25  mm.  7.194  gr. 

(poor). 

k.  E.  T.  Newell.  Al  22.5/25  mm.  7.73  gr.  (ex. 

M.  P.  Vlasto  Coll.)  from  the  1914  find. 

Type  No,  35 

TAPA[A/TI/V^2/V]  (around  type  Q). 
Same  type  turned  to  left,  of  weak,  imita- 
tive style. 

Same  type  (?)  Concave  field. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

127 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M plated,  19/20  mm,  6.93  gr. 
PL.  VIII.  (The  bronze  core  visible  on  edge.) 

Types  Nos.  20  and  20A.  I am  inclined  to 
date  the  issue  of  this  type  immediately 
after  the  striking  of  the  earliest  horsemen 
of  Type  A I and  Bi,  cf.  Sir  Arthur  Evans’s 
First  Periodj  which  suggest  very  primitive 
art,  and  were,  in  my  opinion,  struck  pos- 
sibly even  earlier  than  460  B.  C.,  in  spite  of 
the  epigraphic  evidence  pointing  to  a some- 
what later  date.  The  inscriptions  carefully 
noted  on  all  the  oekistsof  my  Second  Period 
are  varied  at  random,  and  show,  as  already 
noted,  the  imreliableness  of  epigraphy  as 
a criterion  at  Tarentiun  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  fifth  century.  [cf.  Fig.'  No. 

4-1  . V 

The  long  use  of  the  obverse  die  of  No.  20, 
(found  coupled  with  at  least  four  reverse 
dies),  provides  us  with  valuable  criteria  for 
placing  other  closely  connected  types  of 
oekists  in  their  probable  chronological 
succession. 

The  seated  hero  on  the  reverse,  strongly 
recalls  No.  19  of  the  preceding  Period, 
and  is  of  a slightly  more  advanced  transi- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 

128 

TAP  AS  OIKI2TH2 

j 

1 

tional  style.  The  oekist’s  figure  has  lost 
much  of  its  rigidity  especially  on  the 
somewhat  later  Xo.  2oB  struck  when  the 
obverse  die  shows  unmistakeable  signs  of 
long  striking.  These  oekists  are  all  very 
rare  and  are  not  mentioned  by  either  Carelli 
or  R.  Rochette.  Their  style  is  rather  weak 
and  closely  agrees  with  that  of  one  of  the 
early  horsemen  depicted  by  Sir  Arthur 
Evans  [PI.  II, 3,9  andPl.XI,i],andothers^^^ 
which  have  come  to  fight  since  1 889.  That 
all  belong  to  these  early  issues  is  proved  by 
their  die-combinations. 

Type  No.  21.  This  last  utilization  of 
the  obverse  die,  now  badly  damaged,  with 
a new  version  of  the  heroized  oekist, 
considering  the  rarity  of  the  type,  must 
have  been  quite  exceptional,  and  is,  I 
believe,  only  a mule  of  Xo.  31  described 
hereafter. 

Types  Nos.  22,  23  and  24.  These  three 
oekists  share  the  same  obverse  die  on 
which  Phalanthos  holds  in  his  right 
hand  a strigil.  The  X^aples  and  Aberdeen 
coins  of  the  first  two  types  appear  to  be 
unique,  all  three  are  certainly  the  work  of 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  01KISTH2 

129 

the  same  engraver.  This  obverse  die 
comes  in  use  again  during  Period  IV  on 
Nos.  56  and  56A. 

Types  Nos.  25,  25A.  This  rather  com- 
mxOn  type  is  only  a revival  of  the  nionotonous 
version  so  frequently  m^et  during  the  pre- 
vious period  but  now  displaying  the  same 
weak  transitional  style  noted  above.  The 
only  interest  of  this  type  lies  in  the 
exceptional  transfer  of  the  seated  oekist’s 
type  to  the  obverse  die,  and  in  its  rather 
flat  and  spread  fabric  also  to  be  noticed 
on  the  following  very  rare  contemporary 
types  Nos.  26  to  34. 

Type  No.  26.  The  obverse  of  this  type 
like  Nos.  22,  24,  presents  the  legend 
TAPA/VTIA/f7A/,  with  the  Q in  place  of  0 
and  is  of  a remarkably  advanced  style  for 
the  period.  The  cockle-shell  symbol  is  an  ex- 
quisitevepresentaXionoithePecten-JacobcBus, 
much  appreciated  even  today  by  the  in- 
habitants of  modern  Taranto  under  the 
name  of  Pettine.  The  appearance  of  the 

in  the  inscription  at  this  early  date  can 
be  explained  by  the  commercial  relations 
of  the  Spartan  City  with  Ionia  and  its 

j 

i 

i 

! 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i 

130 

TAPAS  OIKI2THS 

Magna  Grascian  colony  of  Velia,  whose 
earliest  eoinage,  from  c.  500  B.  C.,  had 
adopted  the  Ionian  alphabet. ^^7  In  this  it 
was  to  be  followed  a few  years  later  by 
Thurium  (after  c.  B.  C.  443)  where  a pre- 
dominant Ionic  element  was  mingled  with 
the  Athenian  colonists.  An  exceptional 
and  somewhat  earlier  horseman  from  my 
collection  is  illustrated  here  (see  Fig.  No. 
4)  owing  to  the  close  agreement  of  its 

Fig.  No.  4 

obverse  type  with  the  above  oekist.  It 
bears  the  same  form  of  legend  T I APA 
A/  T \NQN,  but  it  has  the  earlier  form 
TAR  1 AA/TI  1 A/ 0 A/ around  the  horseman. 

I have  in  my  eollection  a second  example 
of  this  remarkable  horseman  from  the 
same  dies,  showing  quite  clearly  the  earlier 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

form  R of  the  inscription  on  the  reverse. 
The  Berlin  example  of  this  type  [Dressel, 
1.  c.,  p.  242,  No.  95]  confirmxS  this  reading, 
though  the  coin  is  somewhat  worn,  and 
the  end  of  inscription  obliterated.’'^^ 

Type  No.  27.  This  oekist  which  shares 
the  same  obverse  die  with  No.  26  shows 
strong  Attic  influence  and  makes  one 
think  of  this  figure  as  a slightly  older  type 
of  those  youthful  gods  seated  in  the  east 
frieze  of  the  Parthenon.  ^^9  The  himation 
is  no  longer  represented  with  stiff  formal 
folds.  We  can  now  trace  an  effort  at  free- 
dom in  the  smaller  folds  made  by  the 
movement  of  the  legs,  while  the  larger 
folds  still  retain  the  conventional  form. 

It  must  be  noted  here  that  the  beautiful 
example  depicted  on  PI.  VIII,  27a  has  in 
the  field  to  right  of  the  oekist ’s  elbow 
the  letter  A of  an  early  form  incised 
(graffito).  I have  been  able  to  trace  this 
letter  A generally  shaped  A or  A on  many 
oekists  that  have  passed  through  my  hands 
[No.  13  c,  No.  14R  b,  No.  16C  b,  No.  26  d, 
No.  56 A c].  This  letter  A is  probably 
only  the  initial  of  A[N  A0 AM  A],  showing 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

132 

TAPAE  0IKISTH2 

1 

1 

1 

! 

that  these  coins  were  dedicated  as  offerings 
for  a special  religious  purpose  in  the  temples 
of  one  of  the  gods  or  state  patrons,  the 
character  of  the  incised  letter  apparently 
precluding  the  reading  of  A for  A [EGA  ON] 
or  prize  money  as  on  the  celebrated 
Metapontine  coin  though,  should  this  last 
interpretation  perchance  be  the  right  one. 
our  oekists  would  be  a most  becoming  prize 
for  the  winners  of  games  instituted  in  the 
honor  of  the  two  principal  Tarentine  state 
patrons:  Taras  and  Phalanthos. 

Owing  to  the  exceptional  low  weight  of 
the  example/?  of  this  type,  6.58  gr..  Dr  K. 
Regling  dates  it  c.  281  B.  C.,  after  the 
reduction  of  the  Tarentine  nomos  to  about 
6.80  gr.  on  the  basis  of  the  Roman  six- 
scru.ple  standard.  ^30  This  extraordinarily 
low  weight  should  receive  the  explanation 
proposed  for  Mr.  J.  Mavrogordato’s  plated 
oekist.  [Type  14O.]  Mr.  E.  P.  Warren 
has  kindly  informed  me  that  he  cannot 
now  trace  this  coin  at  Lewes  House,  and 
as  it  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  Boston  Mu- 
seum of  Fine  Arts,  it  has  been  impossible 
for  me  to  secure  a cast  in  order  to  ascer- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2THS 

1 

133 

tain  if  it  was  actually  struck  from  the  dies 
of  No.  27. 

Type  No.  28.  This  oekist  without  the 
cockle-shell  beneath  the  dolphin  seems  to  be 
quite  unique.  In  other  respects  it  is  very 
similar  to  our  No.  20A.  The  coin  is  very 
poorly  preserved  and  of  very  weak  transi- 
tional style. 

Type  No.  29.  This  highly  interesting 
type,  also  in  the  Santangelo  collection  at 
Naples,  is  presumably  unique  and  hitherto 
known  only  from  Carelli’s  engraving  which 
is  very  inaccurate  owing  to  the  very  poor 
condition  of  the  coin. 

The  usual  cockle-shell  is  here  replaced 
by  a very  realistic  murex-shell  {tritonium 
nodijerum)  known  today  at  Taranto  under 
the  popular  name  of  Buccino.  The  obverse 
type  is  surrounded  by  a linear  border 
incuse,  unique  in  all  the  Tarantine  series. 
The  tritonium  nodijerum  mmst  not  be  con- 
fused with  the  true  purple-shell  or  Mur  ex 
brandaris,  of  which  an  exquisite  represen- 
tation is  to  be  found  on  the  earliest  gold 
stater, ^3 1 struck  at  Tarentum.  It  also 
figures  on  one  of  the  Tarentine  nomoi  wdth 

1 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

134 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

the  head  of  Nymph  Satyra  on  the  reverse, 
whieh  may  be  dated  a few  years  earlier 
than  our  oekist.  Garrucci’s  representation 
of  this  extraordinarily  rare  nomos,  PI. 
XCVII,  17,  taken  from  the  Bunbury  speci- 
men now  in  my  cabinet , '32  is  very  inaccurate 
as  one  can  judge  from  the  Fig.  No.  5. 
The  inscription  reads  ^AHAT  and  not 
TAPA^,  as  in  Garrucci’s  engraving. 

Fig.  No.  5 

Type  No.  30.  This  new  obverse  die  is 
also  found  combined  with  three  very  differ- 
ent reverses  which  connect  their  issues 
with  those  of  Nos.  20  and  21.  Phalanthos 
is  represented  holding  an  olive  wreath, 
perchance  commemorating  a victory  of  the 
Tarentines  over  the  Peuketians.  He  is 
dishevelled  and  ithyphallic,  possibly  a pun- 
ning allusion  to  his  name  (0aX\6s,  (pdXaudos)^ 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

V. 


TAPAS  OIKI2THE 

135 

None  of  the  specimens  of  No.  30  to  32 
that  I have  come  across  is  in  really  fine 
condition  with  both  sides  well  centred  and 
complete.  Sir  Arthur  Evans’  coin  of  No. 
31  [cf.  PI.  VII,  31&]  is  the  finest  and  shows 
clearly  the  large  prawn  {palaemon  xiphias) 
beneath  the  dolphin.  The  reverses  of  Nos. 
20  and  30  are  no  doubt  the  work  of  the 
same  engraver. 

Type  No.  31.  This  remarkable  type 
shows  a bold  attempt  to  render  perspective 
for  such  an  early  date.  On  No.  29  the  die- 
cutter  had  drawn  the  two  back  legs  of  the 
diphros  in  perspective  [cf.  PI.  VIII],  but 
this  rather  pretentious  new  type  is  some- 
what unbalanced,  and  it  is  evident  that 
the  engraver  failed  to  place  the  diphros  per- 
pendicular to  the  exergue,  thus  destroying 
the  equipoise  of  the  seated  oekist  [cf.  PI. 
VII].  The  footstool  (Qprjws)  is  uncom- 
fortably high.  This  stool,  ornamented  with 
lion’s  feet,  has  been  taken  by  Sir  Arthur 
for  an  Ionic  capital  and  explained  as  a 
visible  emblem  of  heroization.  There  are, 
however,  other  redeeming  points  in  this 
elaborate  version  of  the  seated  Taras. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

136 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

The  skilful  rendering  of  the  folds  of  his 
himation  is  unrivalled  for  such  an  early 
issue.  As  noted  above  this  reverse  is  also 
used  with  the  much  earlier  obverse  die  on 
No.  21  [cf.  PI.  VI,]  which,  owing  to  the 
condition  of  that  old  die,  I proposed  to 
consider  as  a mule. 

Type  No.  32.  The  wretched  condition 
of  the  only  two  known  specimens  of  this 
hitherto  unpublished  reverse  prevent  any 
accurate  examination  of  the  oekist  who  is 
represented  seated  on  a chair  in  place  of  the 
usual  diphros  as  on  the  wreathed  reverse  of 
No.  10.  This  new  type  is  important  as 
providing  us  with  a valuable  link  to  subse- 
quent issues  of  similar  design  ascribed  to 
the  following  period  [cf.  Nos.  45-46,  Per. 
IV]. 

Type  No.  33.  This  splendid  type  is  one 
of  the  masterpieces  of  the  Tarantine  mint. 
The  heroic  character  is  deliberately  empha- 
sized by  the  appearance  of  a sepulchral 
altar  or  tomb  before  which  the  heroized 
oekist  is  engaged  in  a solemn  sacrifice  as 
though  occupied  with  the  sacred  rites 
without  which  no  Greek  city  was  founded. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  OIKIETHE 

137 

Sir  Arthur  Evans  has  rejected  R. 
Rochette’s  proposal  bringing  this  altar  into 
relation  with  the  tomb  or  HP^^ON  of  the 
Amyklaean  Apollo.  The  site  of  this  tomb 
has  been  identified,  with  great  probability 
by  Sir  Arthur  Evans  and  Signor  Viola, ^^4 
as  an  eminence  bordering  the  ancient  walls 
of  Tarentum  not  far  from  the  Temenid 
gate.  This  gate  is  mentioned  by  Polybios, 
and  is  known  today  in  modern  Taranto,  as 
the  Erta  di  Cicalone.^^^  It  is  from  this 
sepulchral  mound  of  Hyakinthos  that 
Hannibal  made  the  treacherous  fire-signal 
to  the  conspirators  led  by  Philemenos 
and  Nikon  (B.  C.  212).^^^  Possibly,  how- 
ever, this  remarkable  type  may  refer  to 
the  death  of  Taras  as  related  by  local 

tradition.  ^3  7 

The  oekist  has  again  been  transferred  to 
the  obverse  die,  no  doubt  in  order  to  pro- 
tect the  high  relief.  However,  a small 
break  in  the  die,  near  the  end  of  the  distaff 
[see  PI.  VIII,  33a]  must  have  occurred  almost 
as  soon  as  the  die  was  put  into  service.  It 
rapidly  increased  in  size  impairing  the 
beauty  of  many  examples  that  have  reached 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

00 

TA1PA2  OIKI2TH2 

US.  It  is  owing  to  this  break  that  the  dis- 
taff has  at  times  been  described*^®  and 
engraved  as  an  oar,  [cf.  Magnan,  1.  c., 
T.  I.  Tab.  39,  No.  XVIII,  PI.  VIII,  33b]  or 
as  the  raised  back  of  the  diphros  [cf.  PI. 
VIII,  33i].  I cannot  agree  with  the  opinion 
expressed  by  the  late  Dr.  H.  Dressel  that 
the  type  of  the  reverse  is  of  somewhat 
earlier  style. "39  The  drawing  of  the  figure, 
in  true  perspective,  is  most  life-like,  and 
his  hair  streaming  in  the  breeze  is  one  of  the 
first  hints  of  the  argutiae  minutiarum 
which  later  attains  to  such  perfection  on  the 
Tarantine  dies.  However,  the  dotted 
border  surrounding  the  obverse  type  is  an 
early  feature,  associated  with  many  of  the 
contemporary  horsemen.  It  gives  place  on 
the  subsequent  oekist  issues  to  a plain 
linear  border. 

Type  No.  34.  This  type,  one  of  the 
very  finest  representations  of  the  heroized 
oekist,  shows  a remarkable  advance  in 
style.  The  poise  of  the  seated  figure,  and 
the  delicately  elaborated  composition  of 
the  drapery,  suggest  again  the  influence  of 
Attic  marble  reliefs  and  resemble  in  a re- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

139 

markable  way  the  Parthenon  frieze.  This 
almost  purely  Pheidian  style  apparently 
would  indicate  a somewhat  later  date  of 
issue  than  the  one  proposed  for  the  end 
of  Period  III. 

A close  and  repeated  examination  of  the 
obverse  die,  has  led  me  to  the  conviction 
that  this  type  Is  struck  from  the  very  same 
die  as  the  one  used  for  Nos.  26  and  27 
[see  PI.  VIII]  after  a careful  recutting. 
The  engraver  has  greatly  improved  the 
figure  and  arms  of  Phalanthos  and  recut 
his  waist,  unduly  narrow  on  Nos.  26,  27. 
The  practice  of  recutting  old  dies  at  Taren- 
tum  is  undeniable  from  the  very  start  of  its 
coinage.  I have  in  my  collection  three 
incuse  nomoi  all  struck  from  the  same  ob- 
verse die  (easily  identified  from  several 
small  breaks)  each  specimen  showing  suc- 
cessive stages  of  the  recutting.  The  large 
square  mark  on  the  reverse  [see  Fig.  No.  5] 
in  the  field  to  right  of  the  head  of  Satyra 
has  been  cut  into  the  old  die  after  a first 
issue  of  this  remarkable  type  before  the 
addition  of  the  mark  of  value, indicating 
that  this  nomos  was  the  unit  or  stater. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

140 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

The  rather  early  date  proposed  here  for 
No.  34  is  apparently  further  corroborated 
by  the  evidence  of  the  1914  find  which  in- 
cluded an  example  of  this  type  in  fine 
condition.  The  analysis  of  the  coins  of 
this  small  hoard  shows,  as  will  be  seen  in 
Appendix  C,  that  its  deposition  could  hardly 
have  been  later  than  c.  440  B.  C. 

Type  No.  35.  This  unique  example, 
with  the  obverse  type  turned  to  left,  is 
plated  over  a bronze  core  and  probably  was 
intended  to  imitate  the  preceding  No.  34. 
Unfortunately,  the  coin  being  of  small  flan, 
a great  part  of  the  seated  oekist,  which  is 
of  unusually  good  style  for  an  ancient  for- 
gery, is  lost  and  cannot  be  examined  with 
any  detail. 

Carelli  gives,  Plate  CVI,  55,  the  en- 
graving of  an  extraordinary  type  which 
can  be  described  as  follows: 

“TAPA^  CNtor.).  Phalanthos naked, 
seated  on  dolphin  to  1.,  holding  in  r. 
hand  a trident  and  in  1.  a cuttle-fish.  In 
field  above  dolphin’s  head  a cockle-shell 
(hinge  upwards). 

“1^  ^ASAT  ('^tor.).  Tarasnakedto 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  OIKISTH2 

141 

waist,  extending  distaff  with  r.  and  holding 
in  1.  from  arm-pit  a long  staff.  His  r.  foot 
resting  on  prow  of  vessel.” 

L.  Sambon,  probably  following  Carelli, 
describes  an  oekist  p.  239,  in  his  well-known 
Recherches  sur  les  Monnaies  de  la  presqu’ile 
Italique,  under  No.  30,  as  follows:  ''il  pose 
le  pied  droit  sur  une  proue  de  navireR 
Finding  it  impossible  to  trace  any  ex- 
ample answering  to  the  above  descriptions 
I consulted  my  late  friend  Dr.  Imhoof- 
Blumer,  whose  experience  has  always 
been  placed  most  willingly  at  the  disposal  of 
numismatists,  but  he  informed  me  that 
he  had  never  met  a Tarentine  oekist  any- 
thing like  Carelli’s  engraving. 

It  is  by  mere  chance  that  I found  quite 
recently  the  source  from  which  Carelli 
had  copied  this  incongruous  type,  while 
examining  the  very  obsolete  plates  of  Golt- 
zius’  Sicilia  et  Magna  Grcecia,  sive  historice 
urbium  et  populorum  Graecice  published  at 
Bruges  in  1576.  This  type  is  engraved  p. 
XXXV,  PI.  XXXIII,  JKi.j.  Among  the 
17  Tarentine  types  figured  PI.  XXXI  to 

XXXIII,  only  three  represent  genuine 

• 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

142 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

types,  the  balance  being  fanciful  and  spuri- 
ous representations  of  coins  which  do  not 
exist. 

The  Greau  sale  catalogue  (1867)  men- 
tions under  lot  No.  287  the  following  coin 
“Sans  legende?  Taras  assis  d gauche  sur  un 
dauphin  tenant  {probablement)  un  trident  de 
la  main  droite  et  un  polype  de  la  gauche, 
posant  un  pied  sur  une  proue  de  vaisseau  et 
laissant  tomber  le  bras  gauche.'^  This  coin 
must  be  an  ill-preserved  example  of  a very 
late  oekist  of  Type  59,  and  the  supposed 
prow  of  a vessel  undoubtedly  represented 
the  usual  stool  found  beneath  the  right 
foot  of  the  seated  oekist,  which  the  com- 
piler of  the  Greau  sale  catalogue,  owing  to 
Carelli’s  engraving,  failed  to  identify.  I 
believe  that  the  version  of  the  seated  Taras 
as  patron  of  the  Tarentine  fleet,  may  safely 
be  discarded  as  one  of  the  countless  inven- 
tions of  the  wholly  unreliable  Goltzius. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

143 

PERIOD  IV 
Circa  B.  C.  443-400 

The  approximate  date  of  443  B.  C.  pro- 
posed as  a limit  for  the  oekists  of  our  Third 
Period,  is  the  date  of  the  foundation  of  Thu- 
rium.  Erected  on  a site  not  far  remioved 
from  the  ruins  of  Sybaris,  Thurium  was 
established  by  the  Athenians  in  the  hope 
that  the  new  city  would  take  the  place  and 
importance  of  the  former  Achaean  colony. 
Fearing  that  the  nev\/ly  founded  city  might 
ally  itself  with  the  Ach^ans  of  Metapon- 
tum  and  the  bordering  Lucanians  who, 
during  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century,  had 
greatly  extended  southward  their  incur- 
sions to  the  prejudice  of  the  peaceful 
(Enotrians,  the  Tarentines  decided  to  seize 
the  territory  between  Thurium  and  Meta- 
pontum,  formerly  belonging  to  Siris,  a city 
which  had  been  destroyed  by  the  Achaeans 
of  Metapontum,  Sybaris  and  Croton  [B.  C. 
560];  and  to  establish  there  a fortress  to 
hold  all  their  foes,  whether  Greek  or  Luca- 
nian,  at  check.  War  for  the  possession  of 
Siris  was  waged  on  land  and  sea;  the 

' 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

144 

TAPA2  OIKIETH2 

Thurian  armies  were  led  by  a Spartan  exile 
named  Cleandridas.  Hostilities  lasted  about 
fourteen  years,  but  finally  the  victorious 
Tarentines  obtained  a favourable  treaty  of 
peace,  giving  them  possession  of  the  coveted 
territory  but  allowing  to  the  Thurians 
many  privileges.  One  result  was  the  foun- 
dation of  Heraclea  [B.  C.  432],  a joint 
colony  of  Tarentum  and  Thurium,  a few 
miles  further  inland  than  the  old  Siris. 
The  Tarentines  thus  reduced  Metapontum 
almost  to  vassalage. 

The  progress  in  style  displayed  by  the 
last  oekist-issues,  grouped  under  Period 
IV,  is  most  remarkable  and  the  engrav- 
er’s art  reaches  a level  almost  unrivalled 
in  the  subsequent  Tarentine  series. 

Side  by  side  with  the  evident  influence  of 
Attic  models  of  purely  Pheidian  style,  we 
now  find  on  many  new  versions  of  the 
seated  Taras  a pictorial  element  suggestive 
of  the  painters’  rather  than  the  sculptors’ 
art.  It  is  impossible  not  to  accept  Le- 
normant’s  view  recently  accepted  by  Sir 
Arthur  Evans, that  the  pictorial  st}de 
on  all  the  more  or  less  contemporary  coin 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHE 

145 

types  of  Magna  Graecia,  was  due  to  the  in- 
fluence of  the  great  painter  Zeuxis  who 
during  the  last  quarter  of  the  fifth  century 
B.  C.  had  made  Croton  the  centre  of  his 
activity. 

Unfortunately  most  of  the  finest  types  of 
the  Tarentine  oekists  have  been  copied  by 
native  engravers  of  very  slight  skill,  and  we 
find  many  examples  of  carelessness  and 
want  of  finish.  This  is  also  to  be  observed, 
even  during  the  best  period,  at  Terina, 
Metapontum  and  in  other  Magna  Grsecian 
mints.  That  the  oekists  of  Tarentine  Greek 
style  and  those  of  poor  workmanship  are 
to  be  grouped  together  as  strictly  contem- 
porary, is  fully  corroborated  by  the  evi- 
dence of  the  small  but  highly  important 
1914  find  from  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood of  Taranto.  I was  fortunate  enough 
to  be  able  to  examine  this  find  in  its  in- 
tegrity before  its  dispersion,  and  can 
give  its  analysis  (Appendix  C).  All  the 
coins  were  more  or  less  coated  with  a tena- 
cious greyish  oxide.  The  removal  of  this 
coating  left  the  surface  of  many  of  the  coins 
somewhat  eroded.  It  is  noteworthy  that 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

146 

TAPAE  OIKISTH2 

no  early  horsemen  were  included  in  this 
small  find,  but  negative  evidence  proves 
nothing  and  it  is  now  conceded  that  many 
early  equestrian  nomoi  were  issued  before 
oekists  of  advanced  style  as  Nos.  34,  37 A 
and  42,  and  all  three  of  these  were  repre- 
sented in  this  find  by  very  fine  or  brilliant 
specimens. 

Sir  Arthur  Evans  has  expressed  the 
opinion  that  between  the  early  horsemen 
of  his  First  Period  (c.  450-430  B.  C.)  and 
those  he  has  described  under  his  Second 
Period  (c.  420-380  B.  C.),  the  Tarentine 
moneyers  had  stopped  the  striking  of  the 
equestrian  types  and  had  reverted  to  the 
precedent  oekist-issues;  and  Dr.K.Regling 
shares  the  same  opinion  even  extending 
from  450  to  430  B.  C.,  the  interval  between 
the  first  two  horsemen  Periods. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  after  c.  430  B.  C., 
the  oekist-nomoi  must  have  formed  the 
principal  staple  of  the  Tarentine  currency, 
but  since  1 889  when  Sir  Arthur  Evans  pub- 
lished his  monograph,  many  new  equestrian 
types  of  late  transitional  to  early  fine  style 
have  come  to  light  which  lessen  the  lapse 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHE 

147 

noticed  by  Sir  Arthur  Evans  in  the  artistic 
development  between  horsemen  of  his  Per- 
iods I and  II.  Apparently  this  disturb- 
ing gap  is  now  satisfactorily  filled.  Most 
of  these  new  horsemen  are  unpublished. 
They  show  so  many  affinities  in  design  and 
such  great  similarity  in  the  style  of  their 
die-cutting  witn  many  oekists  of  the  Fourth 
Period,  that  it  is  difficult  to  date  them  as 
lateas42oB.C.  I am  therefore  very  much 
inclined  to  believe  that  both  oekists  and 
horsemen  continued  to  be  struck,  side  by 
side,  from  430  until  c.  400  B.  C.,  when  the 
equestrian  types  permanently  displaced  the 
seated  oekist.  This  conclusion  receives 
corroboration  from  the  evidence  supplied 
by  the  very  important  hoard  of  1908,  from 
the  Ionian  Calabrian  shore  (?)  of  which  I 
can  give  but  a summary,  from  notes  taken 
during  1910  (Appendix  A),  when  I had  the 
opportunity  of  hurriedly  looking  through 
this  find  which  had  passed  into  the  hands 
of  a prominent  dealer.  The  five  oekists 
included  therein  were  in  exactly  the  same 
condition  of  preservation  as  the  bulk  of  the 
horsemen  belonging  to  the  first  two  Periods 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

CO 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

represented  in  this  remarkable  hoard,  and 
their  contemporaneity  was  obvious. 

The  weight  standard  of  the  oekists  dur- 
ing their  last  issues  is  now  somewhat  lower 
and  the  average  weight  proposed  by  Dr. 
K.  Regling  of  7.73  gr.  is  correct,  though 
some  exceptional  pieces  noted  weigh  8.14 
and  even  8.20  gr.  We  also  find  certain 
issues  [see  No.  37]  represented  by  examples 
in  brilliant  mint  state,  weighing  as  little  as 
7.63  gr. 

Circa  B.  C.  443-400 

Type  No*  36 

[Inscription  obliterated].  Phalanthos 
naked,  seated  on  dolphin,  r.,  1.  arm  ex- 
tended; beneath,  cockle-shell  (hinge  up- 
wards) — poor  style. 

Taras,  naked  to  waist,  seated  1. 
on  chair,  holding  bird  by  the  end  of  its 
wings;  1.  fore-arm  resting  on  back  of  chair, 
his  r.  foot  drawn  back  beneath  chair 
(poor  style) . 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^ plated,  19. 5/21  mm.  6.10 
PL.  VIII.  gr.  [very  poor]  the  bronze  core  visible 
on  edge. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

1 

149 

Type  No.  37 

[No  inscription].  Phalanthos,  the  hair 
long,  and  blown  backwards,  naked  and 
ithyphallic,  seated  on  dolphin  to  r.,  extend- 
ing in  r.  hand  a strigil,  1.  arm  resting  on 
dolphin’s  back.  Beneath  prawn  {palcemon 
vulgaris).  Plam  linear  border.  Very  fine 
style.  , 

B/  Same  type,  but  of  beautiful  style. 
The  legs  of  chair  drawn  in  perspective. 
The  very  scant  himation  leaves  both  legs 
of  Taras  bare  from  the  knees.  It  is  orna- 
mented with  a tassel  on  the  end  hanging 
over  chair.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .<31  2i  mm.  7.63  gr.  (f.  d.  c. ) 
PL.  VIII.  Cf.  M.  Vlasto,  Num.  Chron.,  1907,  PI. 

X,  5,  (ex.  E.  J.  Seltman  Coll.). 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .31  19/21  mm.  7.60  gr.  (not 

fine) , with  the  graffito  3»IA,  on  obverse. 

c.  Sir  Arthur  Evans.  20/21  mm.  7.66  gr.  (f. 

PL. IX.  d.  c.).  Paris,  21  Dec.,  1907,  Sale,  PI. 

I,  18  [from  the  Nervegna  Coll.]. 

d.  London.  M 19/21  mm.  7.73  gr.  Brit.  Mus. 

Cat.,  p.  171,  No.  82. 

e.  Paris.  i3l  20/21  mm.  7.70  gr.  (f.  d.  c.)  R. 

Rochette,  Type  XIV,  p.  209,  PI.  IV.  36. 

f.  Paris.  31  22/23  rnm.  7.82  gr.  de  Luynes 

i 

1 

i 

1 

\ 

\ 

1 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

ISO 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

i 

! 

[ 

1 

1 

[ 

i 

1 

1 

1 

i 

Coll.,  No.  282  (ex.  R.  Rochette  Coll.), 
R.  Rochette,  PI.  IV,  35. 

g.  Berlin.  ^19  mm.  7.55  gr.  (not  fine),  ex. 

Imhoof-Blumer  Coll. 

h.  Naples.  .-R  20/21  mm.  (f.  d.  c.).  Mus.  Naz., 

Fiorelli,  No.  1805. 

i.  Cambridge.  .R  19/21  mm.  7.74 gr.  (not fine). 

Fitzwilliam  Mus.,  ex.  Me  Clean  Coll. 

j.  Sir  Charles  Oman.  .R  19/2 1.5  mm.  7 gr. 

(not  fine). 

k.  R.  Jameson.  R 20/21  mm.  7.48  gr.  (ex.  A. 

J.  Evans  Coll.).  Jameson,  Cat.  PI.  V, 

lOI. 

l.  Cl.  Cote.  R 20/22.5  mm.  7.82  gr.  (f.  d.  c.), 

ex.  L.  Naville  and  S.  Pozzi  Colls.,  cf. 
Dieudonne,  Cat.  Pozzi,  PI.  XII,  309. 
(ex.  Strozzi  1907  Sale,  PI.  Ill,  No.  842). 

m.  (?)  R 21/22.5  mm.  7.45  gr.  Ex.  Arch- 

aeologist and  Traveller’s,  Sotheby  Sale 
(A.  J.  Evans),  20  Jan.,  1898.  PI.  I,  6. 

[Cf.  Dumarsan,  coll.  Allier  d’Hauteroche 
(1829)  PI.  I.  10 — D.  C.  Cavedoni  (Modena 
1838),  Spicelegio  Numismatico,  p.  17,  etc., 
etc.] 

Type  No.  37A 

\AOV\l  1 T 1 V\AS  AT  (O  above).  Same 
type  of  crude,  bold  style.  In  field  three 
small  pellets  [one  to  1.,  one  to  r.  of  Phalan- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  01KI2TH2 

I5I 

thos,  and  tlie  third  between  dolphin  and 
shrimp.] 

^ Same  type  as  No.  37,  of  very  bold 
style. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 19/21  mm.  8.14  gr.,  from 
PL.  IX.  the  1914  find. 

b.  Cl.  C6te.  M 20/21  mm.  7.76  gr.  (ex.  M.  P. 

Vlastc  and  H.  P.  Smith,  1900,  Colls.). 
L.  Correra,  Neapolis,  1.  c.,  Tav.  VI,  24 
Cf.  L.  Sambon,  1.  c.,  PI.  XVII,  No.  9 
(very  inaccurate),  p.  240,  No.  32. 

Type  No»  37B 

No  inscription.  Same  type  of  bar- 
barous style.  A small  pellet  above  shrimp ; 
no  border  visible. 

Same  type  of  barbarous  style. 

a.  Berlin.  ^ 19/20  mm.  6.91  gr.  (very  fine), 
PL . IX . ex.  Lobbecke  Coll. 

Type  No.  37C 

Same  type,  of  better  style.  Linear  bor- 
der. 

Same  type;  Taras  holds  in  r.  hand  a 
small  fish  in  a net  (blundered  representa- 
tion of  the  usual  bird) . Poor  style.  Out- 
line of  reverse  die  visible. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

152 

TAPAS  0IKISTH2 

1 

I 

1 

! 

! 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 21/23  ^nm.  7-776  gr.  Ex. 
PL.  IX.  Sir  Herman  Weber  Coll.  (1918)  and  G. 

Sim  (1890)  Sale,  lot  No.  44.  L.  Forrer, 
Weber  Cat.,  PI.  24,  No.  535.  Cf.  R. 
Rochette,  p.  2 12. 

Type  No.  38 

mW  1 T 1 V\ASAT  (O  above).  Same 
type,  of  very  fine  style.  Without  pellets. 
Linear  border. 

Taras,  hair  curly,  naked  to  waist, 
seated  to  1.  on  chair,  holding  out  in  extended 
r.  hand  by  both  wings  a bird  at  which  a 
panther’s  cub  jumps.  His  1.  fore-arm  resting 
on  distaff  held  in  1'.  hand  and  placed  flat 
on  back  of  chair.  The  himation  is  wider 
than  on  No.  37,  and  hides  part  of  his  legs. 
His  r.  foot  drawn  backwards,  beneath  chair, 
is  resting  on  stool  vith  lion’s  feet.  Outline 
of  reverse  die  visible.  (Beautiful  style). 

a.  Berlin.  JR  21  mm.  7.83  gr.  Ex.  Lobbecke 
PL. IX.  Coll.  (ex.  Giiterbock  Coll.). 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  HI  20/21  mm.  8.10  gr.  Ex.  A. 
PL.  IX.  Delbecke  Sale,  PI.  I,  14. 

c.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  HI  20/21  mm.  7.70  gr.  Ex.  H. 

P.  Smith  Coll.  (New  York,  1899). 

d.  W.  Gedney  Beatty.  HI  21/23  mm.  7.565  gr. 
PL . IX . (somewhat  pitted  by  oxidation) . 

N U ]\  [ I S M A T I C NOTES 

I 


TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

153 

e.  Cambridge.  ^ 21mm.  7.67  gr.  Fitzwilliam 
PL . IX . Museum,  — Leake  Coll.  (cf.  Leake, 
Num.  Hell.,  1854,  p.  147). 

/.  London.  ^21  mm.  7.80  gr.  (Brit.  Mus. 

Cat.,  No.  81,  vignette  very  inaccurate) . 
Evans,  1.  c.,  PI.  I,  12. 

g.  Naples.  ^21  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2360. 

h.  Naples.  M 20  mm.  (Very  poor).  Santan- 

gelo Coll.,  No.  2361. 

i.  R.  Jameson.  M 21mm.  7.91  gr.  (ex.  A.  J. 

Evans  Coll.),  cf.  Jameson  Cat.  PI.  V, 
No.  102. 

Type  No.  38 A 

Same  type,  of  barbarous  style. 

Same  type,  of  crude  style. 

a.  London.  Al  20/21.5  mm.  7.989  gr.  British 
PL.  IX.  Museum,  ex.  James  Whittall  (1884), 
London  Sale,  lot  No.  88. 

Type  No.  39 

From  same  die  as  No.  38. 

B/  Taras  naked,  with  scanty  drapery 
over  r.  thigh,  seated  to  1.  on  chair,  his  r. 
foot  brought  round  ankle  of  1.  leg.  He 
extends  r.  hand  towards  large  panther 
rearing  in  front  of  him.  His  1.  hand  resting 

i 

i 

i 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

154 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

■ 

i 

1 

i 

1 

j 

on  back  of  chair,  holds  lemniskos  (?). 
Beautiful  style. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .<31  22.5  mm.  7.15  gr.  (very 
PL.  IX.  much  worn).  L.  Correra,  Neapolis, 
1.  c.,  1913,  Tav.  VI,  27. 

Type  No.  40 

From  sarnie  die  as  No.  38. 

B/  Same  t}^pe  as  No.  38,  but  Taras 
holds  bird  by  one  wing  in  extended  r.  hand, 
and  distaff  in  1.;  his  1.  fore-arm  rests  on 
back  of  chair.  In  field  behind  chair,  a 
panther’s  cub  walking  to  1.  The  legs  of: 
Taras  are  placed  as  on  No.  39.  Outline; 
of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Sir  Arthur  Evans.  .31  21.5/22.5  mm.  8.20! 

PL . IX.  gr. 

b.  Berlin.  .31  20/21  mm.  7.25  gr.  (poor).  Dres- 
PL.  IX.  sel,  1.  c.,  p.  230,  No.  83  (ex.  Peytrignet 

Coll.). 

c.  London.  31  21/22  mm.  7.83  gr.  Brit.  Mus., 

PL.  X.  ex.  J.  Whittall,  1884  Sale,  lot  No.  88.  | 

d.  Bari.  AR  20  mm.  Very  poor. 

e.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  20/21  mm.  7.78  gr.  Ex.  j 

Imhoof-Blumer  Coll,  (Greau,  1867, 
Sale,  No.  286). 

[Cf.  R.  Rochette,  p.  210  {avec  un  quad- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHE 


55 


nipMe  au  repos  derriere  le  siege)  and  L. 
Sambon,  1.  c.,  p.  240,  No.  33]. 


Type  No,  4J 

From  same  die  as  No.  38, 

1^  Taras,  "^he  hair  curly,  naked  to 
waist,  seated  to  1.  on  chair  as  on  No.  37 
extending  r.  hand  on  back  of  which  lies  a 
spindle  of  w’ool  horizontally.  A panther’s 
cub,  reared  on  its  hind  legs,  and  turned  to  1. , 
looks  upwards  towards  extended  hand  of 
Taras.  Linear  exergue.  Very  hne  style. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^ 21/22  mm.  7.30  gr.  (f.  d. 
PL . X . c.  but  has  lost  weight  after  cleaning) . 

b.  Cl.  Cote.  20/22  mm.  7.77  gr. 

PL.  X. 

c.  Cl.  C6te.  21/22  mm.  7.81  gr. 

d.  Vienna.  ^31  20/21  mm.  7.67  gr.  Ex.  Carelli 

Coll.,  cf.  Avellino,  p.  78,  No.  327  ; ex. 
Museo  Capyciolatro. 

e.  Sir  Charles  Oman.  ^ 20.5/21  mm.  7.128  gr. 

/,  (?)  At  21/22  mm.  7.77  gr.  Merzbacher, 

Munich  Sale,  Nov.,  1910;  ex.  Paris, 
A.  Sambon,  1902,  Sale,  No.  284 ; ex. 
M.  P.  Vlasto  Coll.  (cf.  Rev.  Int.  d'Arch. 
Num.,  1899,  p.  143,  PI.  I,  2)  where  the 
coin  is  very  inaccurately  described. 


AND  MONOGRAPHS 


156 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

1 

1 

1 

< 

j 

i 

! 

Type  No*  42 

From  same  die  as  No.  37A. 

Same  type  of  crude  style.  Outline  of 
reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .3^  21/22  mm.  8.08  gr.,  from 

PL.  X.  the  1914  find. 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  23/22  mm.  7.92  gr.  (From 

the  Pacelli-Telese  Coll.). 

Type  No.  43 

From  same  die  as  No.  38. 

Same  type,  without  the  panther’s 
cub.  Taras  holds  in  extended  r.  hand 
distaff,  point  downwards,  and  his  r.  foot, 
drawn  back  beneath  chair  rests  on  stool. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible.  Very  fine 
style. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .<31  21  mm.  7.94  gr.  Found 
PL.  X.  at  Taranto,  1907. 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  .3^  21  mm.  7.98  gr. 

c.  London.  .31  22  mm.  7.658  gr.  Brit.  Mus., 

Italy,  p.  171,  No.  83. 

d.  Berlin.  .31  20  mm.  7.96  gr.  Ex.  Lobbecke 

Coll.  (ex.  Schmidt  Coll.). 

e.  Naples.  ^21  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2362. 

/.  Naples.  .31  21  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Fiorelli,  No. 
1806. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

157 

Type  No.  43 A 

Same,  from  another  die. 

From  same  die  as  No.  43. 
a.  Vienna.  ^ 21/22  mm.  7.52  gr.  Carelli,  D. 
PL.X.  62,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  evil,  73. 

Type  No.  44 

[m]W  1 T 1 V\A<IAT  (O above).  Pha- 
lanthos,  naked,  seated  on  dolphin  to  1., 
extending  strigil  in  r.  and  resting  1.  on  dol- 
phin’s back;  beneath,  cockle-shell  (hinge 
upwards).  Of  barbarous  style. 

Same  type  as  No.  43,  but  distaff 
held  point  upright.  Outline  of  reverse  die 
visible.  Of  barbarous  style. 
a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  21/22  mm.  8.03  gr.  From 

PL.  IX.  the  Paris,  19  Dec.,  1907,  Sale,  PI.  I, 
lot  No.  13  (ex.  A.  Sambon  Coll.). 

Type  No.  45 

V\fiV\IT  1 V\  1 A M A 1 T (CJ  around). 
Phalanthos,  naked,  seated  on  dolphin  to  1., 
extending  his  r.  hand  with  open  palm,  and 
resting  1.  on  dolphin’s  back.  Beneath, 
very  large  cockle-shell.  Of  fine  style. 

Taras,  naked  to  waist,  seated  on 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

HH 

00 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

diphros  to  1.,  leaning  forward  holding 
kantharos  in  extended  r.  hand,  and  in  1. 
distaff  upright  against  his  1.  arm.  His  r. 
foot  resting  on  stool  with  lion’s  feet  and  1. 
leg  brought  backwards  in  front  of  diphros 
drawn  in  perspective.  Concave  field. 
Very  fine  style. 

a.  Boston.  23  mm.  7.91  gr.  Mus,  of  Fine 

PL.X.  Arts,  No.  04308,  ex.  Warren  Coll. 

Regling,  1.  c.,  p.  5,  No.  27  (ex.  Green- 
well  and  Montagu  Coll.,  1894,  No.  22). 

b.  Berlin.  iR  21/22  mm.  7-75  gr.  Ex.  Imhoof- 

PL . X . Blumer  Coll. 

Type  No.  46 

T I APA  i N 1 TIA/Q  1 /V  ( O around). 

Phalanthos  naked,  seated  on  dolphin  to  1., 
wearing  crested  Attic  helmet,  holding 
akrostolion  extended  in  r.  hand ; in  1.  small 
round  shield  and  two  lances.  On  the  lower 
part  of  dolphin’s  body  to  r.  the  engraver’s 
very  minute  initial  signature,  E.  Beneath, 
a large  fish  {sen anus  gigas)  to  1.  Very 
fine  style. 

IV  From  same  die  as  No.  45. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  Al  22  mm.  7.55  gr.  Ex.  R. 
PL.  X.  Jameson’s  Coll.,  Cat.  R.  Jameson,  PI, 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

159 

V,  105  (ex.  A.  J.  Evans  and  Bunbury, 
No.  86,  Colls.),  cf.  L.  Correra,  Neapo- 
lis,  1.  c.,  Tav.  VI,  28. 

b.  London.  JR  20/21  mm.  7.918  gr.  [f^d.  c.  but 

misstruck],  from  the  J.  Whittall  Sale, 
1884,  lot  88r 

c.  Vienna.  JR  20  mm.  7.67^r.  Carelli  D.  64. 

d.  Glasgow.  Al  20/22  mm.  7.39  gr.  (not  fine). 

Hunter  Coll.,  Macdonald,  No.  13  (cf. 
R.  Rochette,  p.  209),  Combe,  PI.  55, 
No.  XI.  Avellino,  p.  77,  No.  315. 
Carelli,  N.  I.  V.,T.,  CVI,  54.  F.  de 
Dominicis,  T.  II,  p.  406,  No.  i. 

e.  Athens.  Al  20/21  mm.  7.47  gr.  (poor).  Posto- 

laka,  1.  c.,  p.  31,  No.  226. 

Type  No.  47 

T 1 APA  1 N 1 T\NQN  (Q  around). 
Same  type,  but  Phalanthos  holds  in  1.  hand 
larger  shield  and  no  lances.  Signature  E 
on  dolphin.  Of  very  fine  style. 

^ Taras  naked,  seated  to  1.  on  diphros. 
One  end  of  hisi  himation  covers  his  r. 
thigh.  He  is  extending  in  r.  hand  a dis- 
taff, point  downwards,  towards  which  a 
young  panther  is  jumping.  He  holds  in  1. 
hand  a strigil  and  lekythos  suspended  by  a 
string.  Of  very  fine  early  style. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i6o 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 21(22  vara.  7.50  gr.  (some- 
PL . X . what  worn) . 

Type  No.  47A 

T 1 ASA  1 V\  1 TINQ(Oaroundabove) 
Same  ty^e,  of  imitative,  poor  style. 

^ Same  type,  of  poor  style,  the  figure 
larger. 

a.  (?)  plated  (?),  23  mm.  7.40  gr.  Hirsch 

PL.  X.  XXX  Sale,  No.  104,  PI.  Ill,  ex.  Gar- 
rucci  Coll.,  Garrucci  T.  XCVII,  32. 

Type  No.  47B 

Same  type,  from  another  die,  the  shield 
smaller.  Signature  E on  dolphin. 

Same  type,  of  very  beautiful  style. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Berlin.  JR  21/23  mm.  7*89  gr.  Ex.  Imhoof- 
PL . XI . Blumer  Coll. 

b.  London.  JR  19.5  mm.  7.96  gr.  Brit.  Mus. 
PL.  XI.  Cat.,  p.  171,  No.  84  (ex.  Northwick 

Sale,  No.  121).  P.  Gardner,  “Types 
of  Greek  Coins,”  PI.  V,  3-4.  Head, 
Hist.  Num.^  p.  55,  fig.  25. 

c.  Paris.  JR  24/22  mm.  7.20  gr.  (not  fine,  bu’ 

unusually  well  spread).  R.  Rochette, 
Type  XV,  p.  210,  PI.  IV,  38. 

d.  Paris.  22  mm.  7.95  gr.  R.  Rochette,  PI. 

IV,  37.  Mionnet,  No.  454,  p.  147.  F 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

I6I 

de  Dommicis,  T.  II,  p.  209,  No.  3. 
Avellino,  p.  78,  No.  326. 

. Naples.  Al  21  mm.  (Poor).  Mus.  Naz., 
Santangelo  Coll.  Fiorelli,  No.  2366. 
The  rev.  double  struck. 

. R.  Jameson.  M 20  mm.  8.05  gr.,  very  fine. 

(Ex.  A.  J.  Evans  and  Bunbury,  No.  86, 
Colls.).  Cat.  R.  Jameson,  PI,  V,  No. 
104. 

g.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 20/21  mm.  7.24  gr,  (some- 
what worn).  L.  Walcher  V.  Moltheim 
Sale,  lot  No.  115. 

Type  No»  48 

From  same  die  as  No.  47B. 

B/  Same  type,  but  Taras  naked  to 
waist.  Both  feet  closely  wrapped  in  hima- 
tion,  drawn  backwards  beneath  diphros. 
Of  most  beautiful  style. 

a.  Berlin,  Al  22/23.5  mm.  7.44  gr.  Dressel, 
PL.  XI.  1.  c.,  p.  239,  No.  82,  Taf.  XI,  174,  with 

A A graffito  on  rev. 

b.  Paris,  Al  22/21  mm.  7.90  gr.  de  Luynes 
PL . XI . Coll.  (ex.  R.  Rochette  and  Carelli 

Colls.),  R.  Rochette,  PI.  IV,  39.  Ca- 
relli, N.  I.  V.  T.,  CVI,  52,  D.  63.  L. 
Sambon,  1.  c.,  PI.  XVII,  ii,  p.  240,  No. 
33- 

c.  M.P.  Vlasto.  M 20  mm,  7.65  gr.  Hirsch 

XVI  Sale,  6 Dec.,  1906,  No.  27. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i62 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

[The  obv.  die  shows  a small  flaw  above 
letter  T.  The  reverse  die  on  a and  c shows 
a linear  flaw  above  the  left  shoulder  of 
Taras  and  a second  flaw,  shaped  like  a 
cross,  behind  panther  is  visible  on  a and  b.] 

Type  No.  49 

No  inscription.  Phalanthos  naked, 
ithyphallic,  the  hair  long,  seated  on  dol- 
phin to  1.,  r.  arm  extended,  the  hand  seen 
in  profile,  carrying  on  1.  buckler  of  Mycen- 
aean shape  and  lanee,  the  point  turned 
towards  his  head;  beneath,  cockle-shell 
(hinge  upwards). 

Taras  naked,  the  hair  curly,  seated 
to  r.  on  diphros  drawn  in  perspective,  over 
which  lies  his  himation.  He  holds  in  r.  a 
distaff  downwards;  1.  arm  extended.  A 
small  bird  is  perched  on  the  back  of  his 
hand  with  its  wings  half  spread.  Both  feet 
of  Taras  are  resting  on  a rectangular  stone 
drawn  in  perspeetive.  Outline  of.  reverse 
die  visible. 

a.  Boston.  .<51  26  mm.  8.20  gr.  (f.  d.  c.).  Mus. 
PL.  XI.  Fine  Arts,  No.  04305,  ex.  Warren  Coll. 

Regling,  1.  c.,  p.  5,  No.  23,  PI.  I,  23. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  OIKISTHS 

163 

ex.  Greenwell  Coll.,  Sotheby,  6,  VII, 
1897  Sale,  No.  155).  Mus.  Fine  Arts 
Bulletin,  Vol.  V,  No.  30,  Dec.,  1907, 
cut  No.  4 (reverse). 

&.  London.  Al  22/22.5  mm.  7-95  gr*  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat.,  p.  170,  No.  78. 

c.  Paris.  Al  21/23  mm.  7-85  gr.  (f.  d.  c.).  de 

Luynes  Coll.,  No.  283. 

d.  Cambridge.  20/26  mm.  7.39  gr.  (v.  poor). 

Fitzwilliam  Mus.,  McClean  Coll.  (ex. 
M.  Vlasto  Coll.). 

e.  Sir  Arthur  Evans.  Al2imm.  7.95  gr.  (f.  d.  c). 
/.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 23  mm.  7.73  gr.  (on  obv. 

graffito  T) . 

g.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  22/23  mm.  7.70  gr.  Ex. 

Maddalena  Sale,  1903,  lot  No.  251. 

h.  ? JR  21  mm.  7.35  gr.  (worn).  Hirsch 

XXXIV  Sale,  No.  22,  PI.  I,  from  the 
1908  find. 

[On  obv.  die  a small  flaw  to  r.  of  buckler 
and  another  above  hinge  of  cockle-shell.] 

Type  No.  50 

From  same  die  as  No.  49. 

Taras,  hair  short  and  wavy,  naked 
to  waist.  He  is  seated  on  diphros  (in  per- 
spective), with  1.  leg  crossed  over  the  r. 
He  holds  long  staff  in  r.  h^nd,  his  1.  is  placed 
on  corner  of  seat.  His  r.  foot  rests  on  a 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 

164 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

flat  stool.  In  field  to  r.  a distaff  rests 
obliquely  on  plain  linear  exergue.  Outline 
of  reverse  die  visible.  Of  charming  style. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  21  mm.  7.886  gr.  Ex.  Sir 
PL  . XI . Herman  Weber  Coll.,  1919  (ex.  G.  Sim 

Sale,  1890,  lot  44).  L.  Forrer,  Weber 
Cat.,  No.  536,  PI.  24. 

b.  Berlin.  JR  22/19  mm.  7.90  gr.  Ex.  Lob- 

becke  Coll. 

c.  London.  HI  19/21  mm.  7.285  gr.  (worn) 

Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,*p.  170,  No.  77. 

d.  Naples.  JR  20  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2365. 

e.  Cl.  C6te.  HI  20/21  mm.  7.54  gr.  (worn). 

/.  Marquis  R.  Ginori.  HI  22/23  mm.  7.58  gr 
(worn) . 

g.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  HI  22/23  mm.  7.80  gr.  (Ci 
PL . XI . Hoffman  le  Numismate,  p.  97,  No.  240) 

h.  ? HI  23  mm.  7.10  gr.  (poor).  Nervegna 

Sale,  No.  278,  PI.  HI. 

[The  reverse  die  on  e,f,  g,  k,  is  fractured 
beneath  1.  shoulder  of  Taras,  the  large  flaw 
reaching  the  edge  to  r.] 

Type  No,  51 

From  same  die  as  No.  49. 

Taras  naked,  the  hair  short  and 
wavy,  S'eated  to  1.  on  chair.  The  chair  is 
covered  by  his  himation,  one  end  of  which 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2THS 

165 

is  draped  over  his  r.  thigh.  His  r.  foot 
drawn  behind  the  front  leg  of  chair.  Taras 
extends  r.  hand  holding  lemniskos,  tied 
to  the  feet  of  a small  bird  perched  on  back 
of  hand.  His  1.  hand  hanging  down  behind 
back  of  chair  holds  a distaff  pointing  down- 
wards to  1.  Oiitline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Berlin.  iR  21/22  mm.  7.88  gr.  Ex.  Imhoof- 
PL.XI.  Blumer  Coll.  (Dupr^  Sale,  No.  32). 

cf.  Hoffman  le  Numismate,  p.  97,  No. 
237- 

b.  Cambridge.  20/21  mm.  7.01  gr.  Fitz- 

william  Mus.  (Leake  Coll.),  cf.  Leake. 
Num.  Hell.,  p.  148.  Garrucci  T. 
XCVII,  33- 

c.  Vte.  de  Sartiges.  JR  20/23  mm.  (Very  fine). 

From  the  1908  find.  Cat.  de  la  coll,  dii 
Vte.de  Sartiges,  Paris,  1910,  PI.  I,  14 

d.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^ 19/21  mm.  7.75  gr. 

e.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^ 19/21  mm.  7.73  gr. 

[The  obverse  die  is  now  very  much  worn 
and  dam.aged  beneath  dolphin  and  to  r.  of 
buckler.] 

Type  No*  52 

Same,  from  another  die,  without  lance 
behind  buckler. 

Taras,  naked  to  waist,  seated  to  1.  on 
diphros,  both  legs  bare  and  placed  side  by 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 66 

TAPA2  OIKIETH2 

side,  the  r.  one  fronting  1.  He  holds  dis- 
taff uj)right  in  extended  r.  hand,  and  rests 
1.  on  comer  of  diphros.  Outline  of  reverse 
die  visible,  (cf.  No.  23,  Per.  III). 

a.  M.P.Vlasto.  -31  22/23  mm.  7-94  gr*  Greau, 
PL.  XI.  Paris  1867  Sale,  No.  288.  A small  tri- 
angular punch  mark  beneath  exergue 
on  reverse. 

Type  No.  52A 

Same  type,  of  barbarous  style. 

Same  type,  of  barbarous  style  (no 
distaff  [?]  in  r.  extended  hand  of  Taras). 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  M 20.5  mm.  5.98  gr. 

PL.  XI. 

b.  Berlin.  Al  20/21  mm.  5.95  gr.  Dressel,  1.  c., 

p.  241,  No.  88  (ex.  Fox  Coll.). 

Type  No.  53 

From  same  die  as  No.  52. 

I^  Taras,  hair  curly,  naked  to  waist, 
seated  to  1.  on  diphros  drawn  in  perspective ; 
balancing  on  back  of  his  extended  r.  hand 
a spindle  of  wool,  and  holding  in  1.  a strigil 
and  lekythos,  suspended  by  a string  from 
the  wrist.  His  1.  leg  drawn  backwards  in 
front  of  diphros.  Linear  exergue.  Out- 
line of  reverse  die  visible.  Very  fine  style. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKIETHE 

167 

o.  Berlin.  ^ 23.5/24  mm.  ^.78  gr.  Dressel, 
PL.Xt.  1. c.,  p.  238,  No.  77»  Taf.  XI,  173  (ex. 
Peytrignet  Coll.). 

b.  M.P.  Vlasto.  JR  23/22  mm.  8.05  gr.  Hirsch 
PL.  XI.  XXIX  Sale,  19,  from  tlie  1908  find. 

c.  London.  M 25/22  mm.  7.925  gr.  Brit.  Mas. 

Cat.,  No.  79,  p.  170. 

d.  Naples.  22  mm.  Mas.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

Coll.,  Piorelli,  No.  2364. 

€.  Cl.  C^te.  .31  23  mm.  7.62  gr.  (not  fine).  Ex. 
M.  Vlasto  Coll. 

/.  Vienna.  JR  22/23  mm.  7*67  gr.  (not  fine). 

Ex.  Carelli  Coll.,  Carelli  D.  76,  N.  I. 
V.  T.,  CVI,  63. 

[The  obverse  die  has  a small  flaw  above 
extended  r.  arm  of  Phalanthos  and  2 breaks 
to  r.  near  buckler.] 

Type  No.  53A 

From  same  die  as  No.  52. 

Same  type,  but  Taras  does  not  hold 
strigil  in  1.  hand.  Outline  of  reverse  die 
visible. 

a.  Berlin.  JR  22  mm.  7.78  gr.  (somewhat  worn). 
PL.  XII.  Dressel,  1.  c.,  p.  238,  No.  78. 

Type  No.  53B 

From  same  die  as  No.  52. 

Same  type  as  No.  53 A,  but  of 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i68 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

weak  style  and  1.  hand  of  Taras  rests  on 
corner  of  diphros,  with  lekythos  strung  to 
wrist.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  Berlin,  i®.  21/22  mm.  8.08  gr.  Ex.  Lob- 
PL.  XII.  becke  Coll.  (ex.  Giiterbock  Coll.). 

b.  Naples.  .<^1  20/21  mm.  (Badly  struck) . Mus. 

Naz.,  Santangelo  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No. 
2363- 

Type  No  53G 

Same  type,  from  another  die.  The  head 
of  Phalanthos  very  small,  with  long  hair. 

Same  type  of  good  style,  Taras  of 
larger  proportions  holds  also  in  1.  hand  a 
strigil  as  well  as  lekythos.  Outline  of  re- 
verse die  visible. 

a.  E.  T.  Newell,  20/21.5  mm.  7.89  gr. 

PL . XII . 

b.  Paris.  21/22  mm.  7.80  gr.  R.  Rochette, 

PI.  Ill,  No.  30. 

c.  Gotha.  iR  22  mm.  7.38  gr.  (not  fine). 

d.  Cl.  C6te.  .R  22  mm.  7.80  gr. 

Type  No.  53D 

From  same  die  as  No.  53C. 

Ib'  Same  type,  but  Taras  more  slender. 
He  is  naked,  and  his  himation  lies  on 
diphros,  excepting  small  end  brought  over 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

169 

his  r.  thigh.  Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 
Beautiful  style. 

a.  Berlin.  .<51  20/21  mm.  7.88  gr.  (ex.  Lobbecke 
PL.  XII.  Coll.). 

Type  No.  54 

From  same  die  as  No.  37A  [see  PI.  IX]. 
From  same  die  as  No.  53C  [see  PI. 

XII]. 

a.  ? .5^  22  mm.  Very  poor,  seen  at  Naples 

dans  le  commerce,  Oct.,  1909. 

Type  No.  55 

From  same  die  as  No.  37. 

R/  Same  type,  Taras  with  very  curly 
hair,  and  of  corpulent  proportions;  naked 
to  waist.  Cf.  No.  53.  Outline  of  reverse 
die  visible.  Very  hne  style. 

a.  Boston.  M.  23  mm.  7.48  gr.  Museum  Fine 
PL.  XII.  Arts,  No.  04304,  ex.  Warren  Coll.  Reg- 

ling,  1. c..  No.  22  (ex.  Greenwell  Coll.). 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  Al  plated,  24/25  mm.  7.60  gr. 
PL.  XII . Ex.  T.  Ready,  Paris,  8 July,  1919  Sale. 

c.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  iR  21/22  mm.  7.69  gr.  Ex. 

Maddalena  Sale,  lot  No.  251. 

d.  Glasgow.  51  21  mm.  7.59  gr.  (not'  fine). 

Hunter  Coll.,  Macdonald,  l.c..  No.  11. 
Combe,  PI.  55,  fig.  VIII.  Avellino. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

I/O 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

1.  c.,  p.  77,  No.  316.  F.  de  Dominicis, 
T.  II,  p.  209,  No.  I,  and  p.  406,  No.  2. 
e.  Cl.  C6te.  ^31  22  mm.  7.70  gr.  (somewhat 
worn).  Ex.  Dr.  S.  Pozzi  Coll.,  Dieu- 
donn6  Cat.  Pozzi,  PI.  XII,  310. 

/.  Berlin.  .<31  20/21  mm.  7.65  gr.  Ei.  F.  Im- 
hoof-Blumer  Coll. 

g.  E.  J.  Seltman.  ^ 20/21  mm.  7.60  gr. 

h.  Dans  le  commerce  (1919).  21  mm.  7.48 

gr.  (poor). 

i.  Cambridge.  .31  21/22  mm.  7.74  gr.  (poor). 

Fitzwilliam  Mus.,  ex.  McClean  Coll. 

j.  ? .31  21  mm.  7.67  gr.  London,  Sotheby, 

1907,  Sale,  lot  No.  5. 

Type  No.  55A 

From  same  die  as  No.  37. 

Same  type,  from  another  (?)  die,  the 
lekythos  a little  larger.  Concave  field. 

a.  R.  Jameson.  ^31  2i/22mm.  7.49  gr.  (f. d. c.; . 

PL.  XII.  Cat.  Jameson,  PI.  V,  103,  ex.  A.  J. 

Evans  Coll.  [Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club 
exhib.  Cat.,  PI.  Cl,  23  (reverse)]. 

b.  Paris.  JR  20/20.5  mm.  7.82  gr.  (f.  d.  c.).  de 

Luynes  Coll.,  No.  274  (ex.  R.  Rochette 
Coll.),  R.  Rochette,  Type  XI,  p.  207, 
PI.  Ill,  No.  29. 

[The  obverse  die  of  Types  Nos.  55  and 
55 A is  very  much  worn  and  shows  a frac- 
ture above  strigil]. 

1 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

171 

Type  No.  56 

From  same  die  as  No.  22  [cf.  PI.  VII]. 
Same  type,  but  Taras  of  more  slen- 
der proportions,  and  no  strigil  in  1.  hand. 
Outline  of  reverse  die  visible. 

a.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  19/21  mm.  8 gr.  (with 
PL.Xn.  graffito  + on  obv.)  (Cat.  Rollin  et 

Feuardent,  1862,  No.  685). 

b.  Cambridge.  JR  20  mm.  8.07  gr.  (f.  d.  c.). 

Fitzwilliam  Mus.,  McClean  Coll.,  (ex. 
Strozzi  Sale,  lot  No.  845,  PL  III), 
f.  Athens.  20mm.  7.82  gr.  (Ex.  M.  Vlasto 

Coll.). 

d.  Sir  Charles  Oman.  JR  19/20  mm.  7-977  gr. 

Type  No.  56A 

Prom  same  die  as  No.  22. 

Same  type,  the  diphros  not  drawn  in 
perspective,  and  the  1.  hand  of  Taras 
empty.  Concave  field. 

a.  Cl.  Cote.  JR  20/20.5  mm.  7.95  gr.  Ex.  L. 
PL.  XII.  Naville  and  Dr.  Pozzi  Colls,.  Dieu- 

donn6  Cat.  Pozzi.  No.  31 1,  PI.  XII. 

b.  Naples.  JR  20  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2359. 

c.  Naples.  JR  20  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Santangelo 

Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2358  (the  obverse 
very  much  tooled) . 

d.  Paris.  JR  22.5/20  mm.  7.90  gr.  R.  Ro- 

chette.  Type  XI,  p.  208,  PI.  IV,  31. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

172 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

e.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  ^ 19/20  mm,  7.63  gr.  (obv, 
oxidized) . On  reverse  graffito  A.  From 
the  Torre  del  Ovo  1912  find.  (See  Ap- 
pendix B.) 

Type  No.  57 

Phalanthos  naked,  seated  side-ways  on 
dolphin  to  1.,  both  legs  extended.  He  holds 
dolphin’s  dorsal  fin  with  r.  hand,  and  rests 
1.  on  dolphin’s  back.  Beneath,  curling 
crests  of  waves,  above  which  a fish  (labrax 
lupus)  swimming  downwards  to  1.  Atove 
dolphin’s  tail,  two  small  letters  OP  (?). 
From  same  die  as  No.  56. 

1.  Sir  Arthur  Evans.  Al  18/21  mm.  7.993  gr. 

PL . XII . 

h.  Berlin.  Al  19/22,5  mm.  7.87  gr.  Dressel, 
PL.  XII.  1.  c.,  p,  239,  No.  79  (ex.  Peytrignet 
Coll.). 

c.  M.P.  Vlasto.  Al  22  mm.  8.105  gr.,  with  the 
PL . XII . letters  OP  ( ?)  quite  distinct. 

d.  Cambridge.  Ai  20mm.  7.41  gr,  (poor).  Fitz- 

william  Mus.,  McClean  Coll.,  (ex. 
Hirsch  XXI  Sale,  No.  298,  Taf.  i. 
Consul  Ed.  F.  Weber). 

e.  Vienna.  AI  19/20  mm.  7.67  gr.  (ex,  Carelli 

Coll.),  Carelli  D.  75.  N.  I.  V.  T.,  CVII 
75- 

/.  Bari.  Al  21  mm. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  A 2 OIKISTH2 

173 

[The  die  is  damaged  to  r.  of  1.  arm  of 
Phalanthos  and  to  r.  of  his  r.  hand;  the 
letters  On  may  also  be  only  the  result  of 
two  small  die-flaw'-s]. 

Type  No.  58 

From  same  die  as  No.  57. 

TAPA^  to  1.).  Taras,  the  hair 

long  and  flowing  behind,  naked,  seated  to  1. 
on  a low  structure  of  masonry  upon  which 
is  placed  his  himation,  the  r.  foot  resting 
on  a lower  step.  He  holds  a strigil  in  r. 
hand,  his  elbow  placed  on  the  knee  of  r. 
leg,  his  1.  hand  resting  on  masonry  in  which 
is  fastened  his  distaff.  Outline  of  reverse 
die  visible.  Of  most  beautiful  style. 

a.  Berlin.  ^31  19/20  mm.  8.03  gr.  Dressel,  l.c., 
PL.  XIII.  pp.  240,  241,  No.  87  (ex.  Fox.  and  R. 

Rochette  Colls.),  R.  Rochette,  Type 
XVI,  p.  212,  PI.  IV,  40. 

b.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  iR  20  mm.  7.30  gr.  (some- 
PL.XIII.  what  worn).  Cf.  M.  Vlasto,  Rev.  Int. 

d' Arch  Num.,  1898,  PI.  Z,  i (inaccu- 
rately described) . 

c.  Berlin.  ^ 2 1/2 1.5  mm.  7.31  gr.  Ex.  Lob- 
PL.Xni.  becke  Coll.  (Sambon,  Paris  1899  Sale). 

d.  Naples.  ^ 20  mm.  (Poor).  Mus.  Naz., 

Santangelo  Coll.,  Fiorelli,  No.  2368,  cf. 
L.  Sambon.  p.  240,  No.  36. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

174 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

Type  No*  59 

Phalanthos,  the  hair  long,  naked  and 
ithyphallic,  seated  on  dolphin  to  1.,  his  r. 
hand  extended  open-palmed,  holding  in  1.  a 
cuttle-fish  {Octopus  vulgaris).  Beneath, 
cockle-shell  (hinge  upwards).  Plain  linear 
border. 

Taras,  naked  to  waist,  seated  to  1.  on 
diphros  drawn  in  perspective,  balancing  on 
extended  r.  hand  distaff,  a lekythos  sus- 
pended by  a string  from  his  1.  wrist. 
His  r.  foot  rests  on  stool  with  lion’s  feet, 
his  1.  foot  drawn  backwards.  Concave 
field. 

a.  Naples.  22  mm.  Mus.  Naz.,  Fiorelli,  No. 

PL.  XIII.  1809. 

h.  Paris.  M 21.5/23  mm.  7.55  gr.  de  Luynes 
PL.  XIII.  Coll.,  No.  281.  R.  Rochette,  Type  XI, 
p.  208,  cf.  PI.  Ill,  27. 

c.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  21  mm.  7.72  gr.  Ex.  Sir 
PL.  XIII.  Herman  Weber  Coll.  (ex.  G.  Smith, 

1890  Sale,  lot  No.  435,  ex.  Lord  North- 
wick  Sale),  L.  Forrer,  Weber  Cat.,  PI. 
24.  No.  537. 

d.  Paris.  JR  21/22  mm.  5.80  gr.  (very  much 

worn).  R.  Rochette,  PI.  Ill,  28.  Mion- 
net,  1.  c.,  p.  453,  p.  147-  F-  de  Do- 
minicis,.T.  II,  p.  209,  No.  2.  Avellino, 
P.  78,  325. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  0IKI2THE 

175 

e.  E.  T.  Newell.  ^ 22/23  mm.  7.65  gr.  Ex. 

Hirsch,  XXVI  1910  Sale,  No.  171,  PI. 
IX,  from  the  1908  find. 

f.  Sir  Arthur  Evans..  IR  21  mm.  7.89  gr. 

g.  London.  IR  22.5  mm.  7.853  gr.  Brit.  Mus. 

Cat.,  No.  80,  Horsemen,  PI.  I,  10  (R. 
Payne  Knight,  p.  290,  No.  M5). 

[Cf.  also  IK  21.  7.88  gr.  Hirsch,  XV 

Sale,  No.  388  (Philipsen).  Strozzi  Sale,  No. 
241,  2 examples.  Stiavelli,  Rome,  1908 
Sale,  No.  32,  IK  22.  7.60  gr.] 

Type  No.  59 A 

From  same  die  as  No.  59. 

R'  Same,  from  another  die. 

a.  Berlin.  HI  21/22  mm.  7.81  gr.  Ex.  Lob- 
PL.XIII.  becke  Coll.  (ex.  Giiterbock  Coll.). 

b.  Winterthur.  HI  22  mm.  6.35  gr.  (not  fine). 

Musee  Civique  (ex.  F.  Imhoof-Blumer 
Coll.). 

[The  obv.  die  has  two  globular  flaws  be- 
neath extended  r.  hand  of  Phalanthos]. 

Type  No.  59B 

From  same  die  as  No.  59. 

IV  Same,  of  poor  style,  the  head  of; 
Taras  leaning  backwards.  Outline  of  re- 
verse die  visible. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i;6 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

a.  Parma.  ^31  21  mm.  7.92  gr. 

PL.xm. 

b.  Vienna.  .31  22  mm.  7.75  gr.  Ex.  Carelli 

Coll.,  Carelli  D.  74. 

c.  Prince  of  Waldeck.  21  mm.  7.75  gr. 

d.  E.  S.  G.  Robinson.  M.  21/22  mm. 

e.  M.  P.  Vlasto.  JR  21  mm.  7.64  gr. 

/.  Cambridge.  .31  19/20  mm.  6.80  gr.  (poor). 

Fitzwilliam  Mus.,  McClean  Coll. 
(Hirsch  XIX  Sale,  No.  53,  PI.  I.) 

Type  No.  59C 

Same  type,  of  barbarous  style. 

Same  type,  of  barbarous  style.  (No 
stool  ?). 

a.  Paris.  .31  18/22  mm.  7gr.  (f.  d.c).  R.  Ro- 
PL.XIII.  chette.  Type  X,  p.  207,  PI.  Ill,  26. 

Mionnet  suppl..  No.  452.  F.  de  Du- 
minicis.  T.  II,  209,  No.  i.  Avellino, 
p.  78,  No.  324. 

Type  No.  59D 

Same  type,  of  very  barbarous  style. 
Same  type,  of  barbarous  style. 

a.  Vienna.  3:1  22  mm.  7.75  gr.  (Ex.  Carelli 
PL.xm.  Coll.),  Carelli  D.  73,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  61. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

177 

Type  No.  59E 

Same  type,  of  poor,  native  workmanship. 

B/  Same,  of  weak  style  [cf.  type  53B 
PL  XII , by  the  same  engraver] . Outline  of 
reverse  die  visible. 
a.  E.  T.  Newell.  .<31  20,5  mm.  7.57  gr. 

PL.xni. 

Type  No.  60 

From  same  die  as  No.  59. 

F/  Taras,  naked  to  waist,  seated  to  1.  on 
diphros  drawn  in  perspective,  extending  in 
r.  hand  kantharos  (?)  or  bird  (?),  his  1.  hand 
resting  on  corner  of  seat.  Very  fine  style. 
a.  Cl.  C6te.  ^ 21/22  mm.  7,30  gr.  (very  much 
PL.  XIII.  damaged  by  oxidation  and  bad  clean- 
ing). 

Type  No.  36.  This  unpublished  plated 
coin  is  unique  in  my  experience  and,  al- 
though in  very  poor  condition,  being 
apparently  a mule  of  the  preceding  No.  34 
[cf.  PI.  VIII]  and  the  following  No.  37,  it  is 
described  here  as  a trait-d’’ union  between 
the  oekists  of  Period  III  and  IV. 

Type  No.  37.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
charming  and  exquisite  types  in  the  whole 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1/8 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

series,  a real  masterpiece  of  skilful  equi- 
poise and  harmonious  simplicity.  This  new 
version  of  the  seated  Taras  holding  a bird, 
probably  a dove,  by  the  tips  of  its  wings, 
finds  a parallel  on  many  vase-paintings 
principally  on  Attic  sepulchral  white 
lekythoi  dating  c.  480  to  450  B.  C.  That 
the  dove  may  have  been  connected  with  the 
cult  of  the  heroized  Taras  is  probable  from 
its  appearance  on  several  extremely  rare, 
new  divisions  of  the  Tarentine  nomos 
struck  under  Attic  influence  after  the  foun- 
dation of  Thurium.  We  have  already 
noted  a dove  (cf.  note  No.  67a.)  with 
dapping  wings,  seated  beneath  the  sacred 
diphros,  on  a trihemiobol  probably  belong- 
ing to  the  same  issue  as  our  No.  37.  On 
the  reverse  of  contemporary  obols  with  the 
head  of  Taras  on  the  obverse,  we  find  the 
representation  of  a dove-cote,  at  times 
represented  facing — at  times  seen  side- 
ways. ^42  The  extravagant  explanation  of 
Taras  holding  the  dove,  given  by  Cave- 
doni  in  his  Spiceligio  Numismatico,  (a 
punning  allusion  between  TAP^O^,  the 
end  of  the  bird’s  feathers,  and  the  name  of 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  OIKIETHE 

179 

TA  P A^),  is  fanciful  and  must  be  rejected. 
This  charming  version  of  the  seated  oekist 
can  refer  only  to  the  old  heroic  cult  of 
Taras.  The  association  of  the  dove  with 
the  soul  is  much  later  in  its  origin  and  is 
too  well  known  to  be  inquired  into  here.  ^43 

Type  No.  37A.  This  extraordinarily 
rare  variety  is  distinctly  ungraceful  and  of 
unpleasing  style,  in  spite  of  redeeming 
points  of  merit  such  as  the  treatment  of  the 
himation’s  folds  and  the  bold  foreshorten- 
ing of  the  seated  oekist ’s  left  foot.  We 
have  here  a typical  example  of  the  work  of  a 
second-rate  engraver,  possibly  of  Messapo- 
lapygian  origin.  The  prawn  on  the  obverse 
is  almost  barbarous  compared  to  the  life- 
like model  as  figured  on  the  master  die. 

The  three  small  pellets,  placed  around 
Phalanthos  in  the  field  of  the  obverse  are, 
however,  a highly  interesting  new  feature 
and  can  only  be  intended  for  marks  of 
value.  No  doubt  they  indicate  that  the 
Tarentine  nomos  should  be  accepted  in 
exchange  of  three  Achaean  thirds  of  stater,  a 
wholly  abnormaT44  division  in  the  Taren- 
tine silver  series,  though  used  very  fre- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i8o 

TAPAS  OIKIETH2 

quently  at  Metapontum;  and  we  have 
seen,  in  the  preceding  historical  summary, 
how  closely  related  were  Tarentum  and 
Metapontum  during  the  middle  of  the  fifth 
century  B.  C.  The  brilliantly  preserved 
specimen  figured  on  PI.  IX.  (Wt.  8.14  gr.) 
is  the  most  recent  oekist  type  represented 
in  the  1914  hoard,  buried  probably  not  later 
than  c.  440  B.  C. 

The  obverse  die  is  found  in  use  with  two 
other  reverse  dies  on  No.  42  [cf.  PI.  X]  and 
the  unique  No.  54. 

Type  No.  37B.  The  unusually  light 
weight  (6.  qigr.)  and  the  very  poor  style  of 
this  curious  oekist,  formerly  in  the  Lob- 
becke  collection,  make  me  suspect  that 
this  hitherto  unpublished  variety  may  pos 
sibly  be  an  ancient,  plated,  forgery.  Other- 
wise this  oekist  must  have  been  minted  by 
the  Messapo-Iapygians  at  Luppia  or  Sal- 
lentium.  The  weight  of  similar  barbarous 
imitations  [cf.  Types  42a,  52 A. a,  59C, 
59D]  generally,  is  very  inaccurate,  ranging 
from  8.10  gr.  to  5.95  gr. 

Type  No.  37C.  The  style  of  this  ap- 
parently unique  variety  is  also  poor  and 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

181 

the  features  of  the  seated  Taras,  with  his 
very  large  nose,  strongly  recall  the  profile 
of  Phalanthos  on  the  obverse  of  No.  37 A. 

The  compiler  of  the  G.  Sim  sale  cata- 
logue describing  this  coin  calls  the  object, 
held  by  Taras  in  his  extended  right  hand, 
“a  barbed  hook  vdth  dolphin.”  A careful 
examination  of  the  original  shows  that  the 
engraver  has  really  represented  on  this 
variety,  in  place  of  the  usual  bird,  a fish, 
turned  to  left,  held  in  a small  net.  It  is, 
however,  very  probable  that  this  fish  is 
only  the  blundered  representation  of  a 
dove’s  body  with  the  he^d  lacking,  and 
that  the  ignorant  engraver  misunderstood 
the  bird  for  a fish,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  dove’s  upturned  head  is  very  often 
off  the  fian  on  many  specimens  [cf.  Strozzi 
Sale  Cat.,  PI.  Ill,  No.  842].  Avellino  in  a 
letter,  quoted  by  R.  Rochette,  describes 
an  oekist  in  the  Naples  Cabinet ^45  on  which 
Taras  holds  ^‘dextra  parvum  rete  in  quo 
piscis”,  and  L.  Sambon  very  probably 
refers  to  the  same  type  when  writing  (his 
No.  34)  “II  tient  un  petit  filet  oil  se  trouve  un 
poisson” 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i82 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

Type  No.  38.  In  order  to  give  a com- 
plete representation  of  this  rare  and  ex- 
tremely beautiful  type,  I have  given 
(PL  IX)  the  photographs  of  four  examples 
each  one  completing  the  other,  as  unfor- 
tunately the  only  brilliantly  preserved 
specimen,  the  one  from  my  collection, 
has  its  reverse  type  poorly  centred.  This 
striking  version  of  the  seated  oekist  offer- 
ing a dove  to  a young  panther’s  cub  is 
markedly  pictorial  in  character  and  must 
be  compared  to  some  of  the  finest  contem- 
porary products  of  the  Terinaean  and  Pan- 
dosian  mints  on  which  the  influence  of  the 
great  Italiote  painter  Zeuxis  is  manifest.  ^^6 
The  young  animal,  leaping  at  the  dove, 
looks  like  a cat,  and  Lenormant*^?  referring 
to  this  type,  has  written  a very  interesting 
chapter  in  order  to  demonstrate  that 
outside  of  Egypt,  the  Tarentines  were  the 
first  to  domesticate  the  cat ; but  it  has  now 
been  well  established  by  Prof.  0.  Keller 
and  others '48  that  the  cat  did  not  become  a 
domestic  pet  in  Europe  until  later.  The 
close  connection  of  the  heroized  Taras  with 
the  Chthonic  Dionysos  is  well  established. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  A 2 OIKI2TH2 

183 

It  marks  the  influence  of  a Dionysiac  cult 
superimposed  on  that  of  the  eponymous 
founder,  and  is  sufficient  to  explain  his 
association  with  the  panther’s  cub. 

Type  No.  38A.  This  apparently 
unique  variety  is  of  poor  style  and  possibly 
the  work  of  the  second-rate  die-cutter  who 
engraved  Nos.  37A  and  37C.  On  this  re- 
verse die  the  finely  drawn  stool  placed  be- 
neath the  right  foot  of  Taras  [cf.  PI.  IX], 
on  the  master-die,  is  represented  by  an 
almost  meaningless  curved  line. 

Type  No.  39.  This  unpublished  and 
possibly  unique  oekist  is  unfortunately  very 
much  rubbed  and  in  such  poor  condition 
that  even  an  accurate  description  of  the 
reverse  type  is  out  of  the  question.  Taras  is 
represented  for  the  first  time  quite  naked, 
and  Dionysos-like  he  apparently  strokes 
the  panther’s  head.  The  traces  of  what 
may  be  a lemniskos  show  beneath  his  left 
elbow,  but  this  object  may  be  but  a fold 
of  his  himation,  hidden  by  his  chair,  and 
only  partly  visible  over  his  right  thigh. 

Type  No.  40.  The  instantaneous  char- 
acter of  this  very  rare  and  picturesque 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 84 

TAPAS  OIKI2THS 

variety  immediately  strikes  the  eye.  The 
young  panther,  placed  in  the  field  behind 
the  seated  Taras,  has  seen  or  scented  the 
dove,  held  in  the  oekist’s  right  hand,  and 
is  about  to  spring  forward.  This  highly 
pictorial  composition  is  a tableau  de  genre 
and  the  real  counterpart  of  No.  38.  Un- 
fortunately only  the  very  poor  specimen 
in  the  Berlin  cabinet  [cf.  PI.  IX,  40&]  shows 
clearly  the  dove  held  by  Taras. 

Type  No.  41.  On  this  very  rare  version 
of  unusually  charming  style,  the  seated 
hero  holds,  in  place  of  the  dove,  on  the 
back  of  his  extended  right  hand  a small 
spindle  twined  with  wool  at  which  the 
young  panther,  now  turned  to  left,  is  about 
to  spring.  What  an  expression  of  the 
sinister  attraction  that  a spool  of  wool  has 
for  playful  kittens ! 

Type  No.  42.  There  can  be  little  doubt 
that  this  reverse  die,  offering  the  same  ver- 
sion as  the  preceding  type,  but  of  poorer 
style,  is  the  work  of  the  same  die-cutter 
who  engraved  the  obverse  die  of  this  ex- 
traordinarily rare  type.  Strange  to  say 
the  spindle  of  wool,  placed  on  the  back  of 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  A 2 OIKI2TH2 

00 

the  seated  oekist’s  hand,  is  more  clearly 
drawn  on  this  replica  than  on  the  master- 
die.  It  disposes  of  the  fanciful  interpre- 
tations of  this  symbol  hitherto  offered  by 
Carelli,  James  Millingen,  R.  Rochette  and 
myself,  when  describing  it  as  a murex  or 
fish.  The  extremely  fine  example,  42a  of 
PL  X,  from  the  1914  find,  shares  the  same 
obverse  die  with  No.  3 7 A,  thus  corroborat- 
ing the  classification  proposed  for  all  the 
preceding  varied  issues  of  fine  style.  [Nos. 
37  to  41]. 

Type  No.  43.  This  very  scarce  type 
which  is  the  last  to  share  the  now  very 
much  worn  obverse  die,  which  we  have 
found  associated  with  four  other  reverses 
[Nos.  38,  39,  40  and  41]  represents  the 
seated  Taras  holding  the  spindle  of  wool 
downwards.  Judging  from  the  expectant 
expression  of  the  seated  oekist’s  gracefully 
inclined  head,  the  absence  of  the  panther 
is  somewhat  surprising  and  this  version 
may  be  better  explained  when  compared 
with  the  previous  Nos.  40  and  41. 

Type  No.  44.  No  doubt  Mr.  Arthur 
Sambon"49  is  right  in  ascribing  this  unique 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i86 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

and  very  barbarous  type  to  the  mint  of 
Luppia  or  Sallentium.  The  Messapo- 
lapygian  style  and  fabric  are  characteristic 
and  unmistakable  on  this  very  curious  imi- 
tation combining  details  taken  from  several 
contemporary  reverse  types. 

Type  No.  45.  This  obverse  type  is  of  a 
somewhat  archaistic,  conventional  style. 
The  large,  naturalistic  cockle-shell,  as  well 
as  the  perfect  design  of  the  dolphin,  pre- 
clude the  possibility  of  an  earlier  issue,  and 
the  immediate  utilization  of  the  reverse 
die  with  the  following  No.  46  confirms  that 
the  purported  archaic  style  of  Phalanthos 
on  the  obverse  die,  is  due  to  a mannered 
archaistic  affectation.  The  rather  uncom- 
fortable position  of  the  forward-leaning 
figure,  on  the  reverse  die,  with  the  foot- 
stool placed  at  an  impossible  angle,  gives 
to  this  otherwise  very  carefully  engraved 
version,  an  appearance  of  top-heaviness 
that  recalls  the  somewhat  earlier  Nos.  31 
and  32  [cf.  PI.  VII]  of  Period  III,  undoubt- 
edly the  work  of  the  same  engraver. 

Type  No.  46.  The  new  martial  atti- 
tude of  Phalanthos  who  wears  a crested 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

187 

Athenian  helmet  and  who  is  armed  with  the 
Tarentine  circular  shield  and  two  lances, 
while  he  extends  in  his  right  hand  the 
akrostolion,  offers  a clear  allusion  to  the 
termination  of  the  long  war  between 
Tarentum  and  Thurium  for  the  possession 
of  the  territory  of  ancient  Siris.  In  my 
opinion  this  type  must  have  been  struck 
c.  432  B.  C.  to  commemorate  the  founda- 
tion of  Heraclea,  the  Athenian  helmet 
being  a reference  to  the  peaceful  under- 
standing between  the  two  cities. 

Beneath  the  dolphin  a large  fish  is  to  be 
seen  swimming  to  the  left,  (cf.  also  Types 
47B  and  48).  A visit  to  the  Naples  aqua- 
rium clearly  demonstrated  to  me  that  this 
fish  is  the  serranus  gigas  which  is  often  to 
be  seen  even  now  on  the  Taranto  fish  mar- 
ket, and  much  sought  for  under  the  name 
of  cernia.  Previously  Dr.  Imhoof-Blumer 
and  Dr.  Keller^^o  had  recorded  their  belief 
that  this  fish  was  the  Chrysophrys  Aurata 
Pagrus.  The  accompanying  illustration, 
taken  from  the  “Guida  per  T A cquario.  della 
Stazione  Zoologica  di  Napoli”  (1905),  p.  21, 
fig-  5d>  will  show  that  the  Serranus  Gigas 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 

00 

00 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

is  identical  in  all  its  details  with  the  coins’ 
presentation. 

This  remarkable  type  is  signed  by  the 
engraver  with  a microscopical  “E”  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  dolphin’s  bod^^,  and  even 
the  late  Prof.  Von  Sallet^^i  was  inclined  to 
regard  this  E as  the  initial  of  an  artist’s 
name.  As  already  noted,  the  reverse  die 
of  this  exceedingly  rare  type  had  been 
utilized  with  a very  different  obverse  die 
on  No.  45. 

Type  No.  47.  Nos.  47  to  49  take  high 
rank  among  the  most  beautiful  of  all  Greek 
coins  and  are  unsurpassed  in  elegance  of 
design  and  exquisite  delicacy  of  work. 

The  seated  Taras  extending  a spindle 
twined  with  wool  to  the  playful  panther’s 
cub,  holds  in  his  left  hand  a strigil  and 
lekythos  or  oil  flask  of  the  aryballos  type 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

189 

with  the  regular  trumpet-mouth,  narrow 
neck,  and  almost  spherical  body.  These 
small  vases  were  always  utilized  by  ath- 
letes for  oil  anointings  after  palestra-exer- 
cise following  the  use  of  the  strigil 

{^ZijG-Tpov)  to  remove  dust  and  Sweat.  The 
strigil  tied  together  with  the  lekythos  was 
known  under  the  name  of  ZvarpoX'pKvdov^^^ 
and  it  is  natural  to  find  Taras  holding  these 
athletic  accessories,  so  much  used  during 
games  instituted  in  his  honor.  It  is  more 
than  probable  that  the  foundation  of 
Heraclea  must  have  been  celebrated  by  the 
Tarantines  with  the  revival  of  some  reli- 
gious celebration  of  an  agonistic  character 
closely  connected  with  the  heroes  and  state 
patrons  of  the  city.  Type  No.  47,  on  which 
the  trammels  of  archaic  convention  are  still 
felt,  appears  to  be  quite  unique.  Unfor- 
tunately the  coin  is  not  in  the  best  of 
preservation. 

Type  No.  47 A.  That  the  seated  oekist 
held  the  small  aryballos,  suspended  with 
the  strigil  by  a string  from  his  left  wrist, 
is  ascertained  by  this  coin,  formerly  in 
the  Garrucci  collection.  Its  poor  style 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

1 90 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

shows  that  it  is  probably  only  a plated 
imitation  of  the  oekist  in  my  cabinet 
[cf.  PL  X,  47]. 

Type  No.  47B.  This  very  beautiful 
type  must  have  been  struck  c.  430  B.  C. 
and  is  contemporary  with  the  splendid 
first  issue  of  nomoi  minted  at  Heraclea, 
representing  on  the  reverse,  Heracles  naked, 
reclining  on  the  rocks  and  holding  a wine 
cup  in  his  right  hand.  The  usual  assump- 
tion that  this  thoroughly  Attic  conception 
belongs  to  the  fourth  century  is  unten- 
able, and  these  rare  nomoi  must  be 

dated  immediately  after  the  founding  of 
the  city. 

Type  No.  48.  Unfortunately  none  of 
the  three  known  examples  of  this  extraorHi- 
narily  beautiful  type  is  in  fine  condition. 
The  truly  Pheidian  style  of  this  type  bears 
an  unmistakable  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
Parthenon  frieze;  and  the  wonderful  fore- 
shortening of  the  seated  oekist ’s  legs 
closely  wrapped  in  the  beautifully  exe- 
cuted folds  of  the  clinging  himation,  does  not 
find  a parallel  short  of  the  Terinasan  mas- 
terpiece of  the  artist,  representing  the 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTHE 

191 

nymph  seated  on  the  overturned  hydria,‘55 
(struck  c.  425  B.  C.).  This  reverse  type 
shares  the  same  obverse  die  with  No.  47B, 
signed  by  the  artist  E who  is  possibly  also 
the  engraver  of  the  beautiful  reverse  die. 

Type  No.  49.  The  following  series  of 
oekists  [Nos.  49  to  53D]  have  been  grouped 
together  as  sharing  a similar  obverse  die  on 
which  Phalanthos  is  represented  holding  a 
large  shield  of  Mycenaean  or  Minoan  shape 
usually  improperly  termed  Boeotian,  a 
fitting  symbol  for  the  Amykl$an-born 
hero. 

The  seated  Taras  on  the  reverse  of  No. 
49  is  represented  entirely  naked,  hold- 
ing in  his  right  hand  a distaff  and  giving 
wing  to  a very  sm^all  bird.  This  highly 
picturesque  version  was  probably  suggested' 
by  the  contemporary  Terinaean  coinage. 

Type  No.  50.  This  new  and  very  fine 
version  of  the  mythic  founder  seated  with 
his  legs  crossed,  holding  his  royal  staff,  has 
been  closely  copied  on  one  of  the  finest 
Rhegian  dies, *56  struck  c.  420-416  B.  C., 
thus  giving  us  an  approximate  date  for  this 
Tarentine  oekist. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

192 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

Type  No.  51.  On  this  rare  die,  Taras 
holds  a small  bird  having  its  feet  tied  with  a 
lemniskos.  This  apparently  confirms  R. 
Rochette’s  suggestion  that  similar  types 
refer  to  a custom,  described  by  Athenaeus. 
During  games  and  festivities,  doves  and 
other  birds  were  liberated  after  having 
had  their  feet  tied  with  lemniskoi,  so  that 
they  might  be  easily  caught  by  the  specta- 
tors. ‘^’E/c  tSvtov  TrepLcrepai  koI  (pdcaaL  Kai 
rpvybves  Kad’  oXrjp  i^lirravTO  r^v  68bv,  Xrjpivi(rKOLS 
Tobs  TTodas  de8ep,evaL  wpos  to  padicos  viro  tQv  6ew- 

p.bvo3v  dpTra^eaeaiy  [Athen.  V,  p.  200C.] 

The  poor  condition  of  the  obverse  die 
shows  that  this  very  pretty  type  must  be 
dated  among  the  latest  of  the  oekist  issues ; 
and  the  presence  of  a very  fine  example  of 
this  type  in  the  1908  find  points  to  the 
same  conclusion.  A white  sepulchral  Attic 
lekythos,  in  the  Elgin  collection,  ^57  is 
adorned  with  a strikingly  similar  repre- 
sentation. 

The  painting  represents  a fine  female 
figure,  holding  a bird  in  her  right  hand. 
Seated  on  a chair,  in  front  of  a stele,  she 
has  the  grace  of  the  goddesses  of  the 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

193 

Parthenon  frieze  and  of  the  Hegeso  of  the 
well-known  stele. 

Types  Nos.  52,  52 A.  The  oekist  No.  52 
hitherto  unpublished,  is  interesting  as  hav- 
ing been  copied  by  the  Messapo-Iapygians 
in  a very  ugly  and  barbarous  style.  Only 
two  examples  of  these  curious  imitations 
have  reached  us,  No.  52  A, — both  of  unusu- 
ally low  weight  [5.98  and  5.95  gr.]  preclud- 
ing the  possibility  of  their  currency  at  Ta- 
rentum.  They  were  probably  struck  for 
local  use  at  Luppia  or  Sallentum. 

Types  Nos.  53  to  57  and  Nos.  59  to  59E. 
The  rather  monotonous  new  version  of 
Taras  seated  on  his  diphros,  balancing  the 
distaff  on  the  back  of  his  extended  right 
hand,  while  he  holds  in  his  left,  at  times  the 
strigil  and  lekythos,  at  other  times  the 
lekythos  alone,  and  in  one  case  [No.  56A] 
nothing,  is  among  the  most  common  re- 
verse types  in  the  whole  series;  and  taking 
into  consideration  the  large  number  of 
extant  specimens,  these  oekists  must  have 
been  issued  for  a rather  extended  period. 
Both  the  1908  hoard  and  the  small  Torre  del 
Ovo  find  (1918)  show  that  these  types, 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

194 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

not  represented  in  the  1914  Taranto 
deposit,  were  certainly  among  the  latest 
issued.  The  style  of  these  coins  and  of 
many  horsemen  (cf.  Evans’,  Period  II), 
is  strikingly  similar.  A close  comparison 
between  the  oekist,  53D  (PL  XII),  and  the 
horsemen,  Evans  PI.  II,  10,  or  53C.  a and 
Evans  PI.  II.  8,  shows  such  close  affinity 
in  design  that  the  same  handiwork  may  be 
suspected  in  both  cases.  In  my  description 
of  the  very  slight  variations  of  these  types  I 
have  followed  as  much  as  possible  their 
somewhat  intricate  die-combinations,  only 
a fevv^  of  which  call  for  any  special  notice. 
No.  53B  is  remarkably  ugly  and  of  very 
poor  style  but  must  be  certainly  contempo- 
raneous with  the  reverses  of  Nos.  53  and 
53A,  of  fine  style,  sharing  with  them  the 
same  obverse  die.  [cf.  Plates  XI  and  XII.] 

No.  53D  [cf.  PI.  XII],  from  the  Ldbbecke 
collection,  now  in  the  Berlin  Cabinet  is  of 
very  beautiful  style  and  probably  the  pro- 
totype of  the  whole  series. 

Type  No.  55.  The  condition  of  the  ob- 
verse die  of  this  rather  common  variety 
shows  its  long  service.  It  was  first  utilized 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

195 

with  the  beautiful  reverse  of  No.  37 
[cf.  Pis.  VIII  and  IX].  The  strigil,  held  by 
Phalanthos,  is  now  almost  obliterated  by 
wear  [cf.  55a,  556,  55A].  The  prawn,  be- 
neath the  dolphin,  is  barely  recognizable. 
It  has  been  taken  for  a small  dolphin  by  R. 
Rochette  and  others.  On  the  reverse,  the 
seated  Taras  is  of  unusually  corpulent 
proportions  and  the  type  may  well  com- 
memorate some  agonistic  festival.  I have 
already  mentioned  on  p.  89,  when  discussing 
No.  14O,  the  remarkable  fact  that  one  of 
the  examples  of  Type  55  in  my  cabinet, 
556  on  PI.  XII,  in  brilliant  condition 
though  not  quite  struck  up,  is  plated  and 
struck  from  the  very  same  obverse  and  re- 
verse dies  as  all  the  normal  examples 
issued  from  the  same  die-combination  that 
have  come  under  my  notice.  So  high  an 
authority  as  Mr.  E.  T.  Newell,  while  in 
Marseilles,  after  submitting  my  plated 
coin  to  a careful  examination,  fully  agreed 
with  the  above  surprising  conclusion.  This 
may  also  explain  the  abnormally  low  weight 
of  No.  27  h. 

Types  Nos.  56,  56A.  There  is  no  doubt 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

196 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

that  the  obverse  die  of  these  two  very  late 
types  is  the  identical  one  used  during 
Period  III  with  three  different  reverses, 
described  under  Nos.  22,  23,  24  [cf.  PL 
VII].  In  fact  I had  at  first  felt  inclined  to 
bring  down  the  three  latter  types  to  Period 
IV,  and  to  consider  them  as  late  revivals  of 
the  much  earlier  Nos.  16  and  20  of  transi- 
tional style.  I have  finally  and  somewhat 
reluctantly  ascribed  them  to  my  Third 
Period,  because  of  the  early  form  TAPAN- 
Tl  NO^  on  the  reverse  of  the  unique  Type 
22  (Santangelo,  Naples,  collection)  and 
because  of  the  fresh  condition  of  the  ob- 
verse die.  It  is  'futther  certain  that  No. 
56,  which  shares  its  reverse  die  with  a new 
obverse  die  of  later  style  on  No.  57 
[cf.  XII],  can  hardly  be  given  an  earlier 
dating  than  the  one  proposed  here.  That 
this  No.  56A  is  one  of  the  very  latest 
oekists  struck  at  Tarentum  is  proved  by  the 
presence  of  a rather  fine  example  in  the 
Torre  del  Ovo  find. 

Type  No.  57.  Phalanthos,  on  this  die, 
is  seated  sideways  on  his  dolphin,  as  if  in 
the  act  of  vaulting  off  his  marine  charger. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

197 

The  sea  is  represented  by  a naturalistic 
fish,  of  the  labrax  species,  swimming  over 
the  curling  crests  of  the  waves.  This 
convention  for  depicting  the  sea  waves 
makes  its  first  appearance  on  the  contem- 
porary horsemen  in  Evans’  Second  Period 
Type  A,  Plate  II,  5,  Type  Di,  Plate 
II,  8 (now  in  my  collection).  Type  D2 
(cf.  Strozzi  Sale  Cat.,  PI.  Ill,  849,  now  in  the 
J.  P.  Morgan  coll.)  and  on  two  other  very 
rare  types,  both  represented  in  my  eollec- 
tion  and  not  described  in  the  “Horsemen,” 
on  which  the  whole  design  is  enelosed  in  a 
circle  of  waves,  the  first  being  an  unpub- 
lished and  presumably  unique  new  obverse 
with  reverse  as  Type  A,  Per.  II,  the  seeond 
an  earlier  modifieation  of  Type  K.  Per,  II 
(cf.  Maddalena  Sale  Cat.,  PI.  II,  9-now  in 
my  eabinet — and  Dressel,  Berlin  Cat. 

No. 96) inscribed TA PA  1 V\TI  I A/Q/V-  Un- 
fortunately we  have  no  oekist  speeimen  of 
either  Nos,  57  or  58,  whieh  share  the  same 
obverse  die,  in  really  fine  eondition,  to  give 
a eomplete  representation  of  this  new  pie- 
torial  version  of  Phalanthos  on  his  dol- 
phin. The  Berlin  example,  Type  576, 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

TAPA2  OIKIETH2 

is  the  only  one  tolerably  well  centred. 
On  the  badly  centred  but  otherwise  fine 
coin  in  my  cabinet  there  are  apparently 
two  minute  letters  OH , m the  field  to  the 
left,  above  the  dolphin’s  tail.  They  are 
also  visible  on  the  Berlin  example,  but  they 
may  be  no  more  than  traces  of  small  breaks 
of  the  die  (cf.  PI.  XII,  57  c).  Should,  how- 
ever, the  letters  0 H really  exist,  they  are 
either  the  marque  d’’ atelier  of  Poseidon  or 
the  initials  of  the  actual  die-cutter  who 
may  well  have  also  engraved  the  obverse 
die  of  No.  45  (PI.  X)  which  is  of  a strikingly 
similar  style. 

Type  No.  58.  The  five  known  examples 
of  this  very  rare  new  version,  in  spite  of 
their  rather  worn  condition,  rank  among 
the  most  beautiful  representations  of  the 
seated  oekist.  Taras,  strigil  in  hand,  is 
represented  seated  on  some  low  structure 
of  masonry,  possibly  the  walled  enclosure 
of  the  palestra,  as  if  keenly  watching  an 
athletic  contest.  The  flowing  hair  of  the 
hero  points  to  a more  recent  Pheidian  ten- 
dency which  we  find  paralleled  in  certain 
figures  of  the  Parthenon  frieze, 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

199 

Types  Nos.  59  to  59E.  This  new  obverse 
type,  of  very  fine  style,  is  rarely  met  in  fine 
condition.  Phalanthos  extending  his  right 
hand  open  palmed ^59  and  holding  in  his 
left  hand  a cuttle-fish  is  a revival  of  the 
very  early  No.  9 of  Period  I.  This  type 
has  been  widely  imitated  by  the  Messapo- 
lapygians,  and  I have  figured  on  PI.  XIII, 
59C , 59D , two  curious  barbaric  copies  which 
may  have  been  struck  by  these  Mixo- 
Barbari  borderers.  It  is  astonishing  that  so 
able  a numismatist  as  R.  Pochette, when 
first  publishing  the  very  barbarous  nomos 
figured  here,  PI.  XIII,  59C,  a piece  which  is 
only  a poor  imitation  of  59B  [cf.  PI.  XIII] 
should  have  written  “cette  medaille  iient 
par  une  sorte  de  roideur  de  style  a une 
epoque  ancienned^ 

Type  No.  60.  This  hitherto  unpub- 
lished reverse,  representing  probably  for 
the  last  time  the  heroized  oekist  extending 
the  kantharos  (?),  is  unfortunately  in  too 
poor  condition  for  accurate  description. 

It  is  impossible  to  assign  a precise  date  to 
the  cessation  of  the  oekist  issues,  or  to  de- 
cide whether  the  final  adoption  of  the 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

200 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

equestrian  types  must  be  regarded  as  the 
outcome  of  a new  aristocratic  reaction 
placing  the  chief  authority  in  the  hands  of 
an  annual  strategos,  as  Garrucci  believes,  or 
merely  as  a testimony  of  the  pride  taken 
by  the  Tarentines  in  the  training  that  m.ade 
their  cavalry  so  famous  in  the  field.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  this  important  revolution 
took  place  sometime  between  c.  420  and 
380  B.  C.,  the  time  limits  assigned  by  Sir 
Arthur  Evans  to  his  horsemen  of  his  Second 
Period.  A close  study  of  all  the  earliest 
equestrian  types  has  convinced  me  that 
their  classification  must  be  re-examined  and 
somewhat  altered  if  we  take  into  con- 
sideration the  type  figuring  on  the  obverse 
die.  Throughout  the  earliest  Tarentinc 
coinage,  down  to  the  end  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, with  only  three  exceptions  [the 
oekists  of  Nos.  i,  25  and  33],  Phalanthos 
astride  the  dolphin,  is  always  placed  on  the 
obverse  die.  Likewise  on  all  the  earliest 
horsemen,  the  city’s  arms  invariably  figures 
on  the  obverse  die.  After  c.  420  the  Trapdar^ixov 
is  transferred  to  the  reverse.  Taking  this 
important  consideration  into  account  we 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

201 

shall  note  that  the  style  characteristics, 
the  form  of  the  inscriptions  and  the  eques- 
trian types  of  all  the  early  transitional 
style,  with  the  horsemen  on  the  reverse 
die,  fully  corroborate  the  anteriority  of  their 
issue.  Therefore  the  following  five  horse- 
men of  Evans’  "Period  II  with  the  Trapdarj/xov 
still  in  its  usual  position,  must  be  assigned 
to  Period  I,  c.  450-430  B.  C. 

1.  Evans  Type  A1  (Per.  II,  PI.  II,  5) 
inscribed  SAT.  This  martial  type  must 
have  been  struck  during  the  war  between 
Taranto  and  Thurium  and  may  have  been 
issued  some  time  before  432  B.  C. 

2.  I have  already  noted  that  Type  B 
[Evans,  Per.  II.,  PI.  4,  cf.  Fig.  No.  3,  p.  1 12,] 
belongs  to  one  of  the  early  issues  of 
Period  I. 

3.  Evans  Type  Fi  (Per.  II)  is  the  de- 
scription of  only  a poor  representation 
given  by  Carelli  T.  CIX,  102,  of  Type 
Ci  belonging  to  Evans’  Per.  I,  reading 
TA^AA/Ti\AQV\  Q,  not  NQN\TN^<\^T 
retrograde  as  given  by  Sir  Arthur  Evans 
[cf.  Horsemen,  PI.  XI,  i]. 

4.  Type  E I (Evans,  Per.  II,  PI.  II,  9)  is 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

202 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

struck  from  the  same  obverse  die  as  Type 
Ci,  of  Period  I,  and  must  have  been^ 
judging  from  its  very  early  style,  certainly 
struck  before  420  B.  C. 

5.  Type  G [Evans,  Per.  Il^cf.  Strozzi 
Sale  Cat.,  PI.  Ill,  847,  now  in  my  collec- 
tion] shares  the  same  obverse  die  with 
three  other  very  early  horsemen  of  Period  I, 
similar  to  Type  A2  of  Evans,  Per.  I [cf. 
PI.  II,  3]. 

The  horsemen  type  is  transferred  to  the 
obverse  die  for  the  first  time  on  Type  Ci 
of  Period  II  [Evans,  PI.  II,  6],  and  the 
reverse  of  this  type,  exhibiting  Phalanthos 
on  his  dolphin  holding  on  his  left  arm  a 
lance  and  large  oval  shield,  while  extending 
in  his  right  a crested  helmet,  shows  close 
affinity  to  the  oekists  of  Nos.  49  to  53 D, 
which  are  among  the  latest  issued.  I have 
in  my  cabinet  three  horsemen  of  a rather 
common  variety  of  Type  C,  Evans,  Period 
II,  not  described  by  Sir  Arthur  Evans. 
This  type  is  represented  in  the  Hunter  col- 
lection [Macdonald,  1.  c.,  p.  70,  No.  40], 
one  of  them  bearing  the  irapdcrvixov  on  the 
obverse  die,  and  the  two  others  with 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

203 

this  type  transferred  to  the  reverse  die.*^' 
Owing  to  the  similarity  of  the  dolphin  rider 
of  this  type  with  the  reverse  of  Evans, 
Type  Hi  (Per.  II),  these  interesting  horse- 
men may  be  dated  c.  400  B.  C.;  and  this 
gives  us  the  extreme  limit  of  the  oekist 
issues,  my  conclusion  being  that  the  last 
Tarentine  nomos  exhibiting  the  seated 
oekist  was  struck  about  when  the  horseman 
type  was  transferred  to  the  obverse  die 
position,  where  it  was  maintained  thence- 
forward on  the  Tarentine  nomoi  for  fully 
two  hundred  years. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

204 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

APPENDIX  A 

iqo8  Find  from  the  Ionian  shore  of 
Calabria  (?) 

Oekists.’ 

Tarentum.  i Type  30/,  cf.  PI.  VII.  7.28 
gr.  Not  fine. 

I Type  49A,  cf.  PL  XI.  7.35  gr.  V.  good. 
I Type  51C,  cf.  PI.  XI.  8 gr.  Very  fine. 

I Type  536,  cf.  PL  XI.  8.05  gr.  Ex.  fine. 
I Type  59^,  cf.  PL  XIII.  7.65  gr.  Fine. 
A few  archaic  nomoi  as  Evans,  PL  I,  4 and 
5.  Well  preserved. 

A few  archaic  horsemen,  of  Per.  I,  Evans, 
PL  II,  3,  PL  XI,  I,  V.  well  preserved  to  f. 
A few  archaic  horsemen  of  Per.  II,  Evans, 
PL  II,  5,  II,  etc.  Fine  and  v.  fine. 

Many  archaic  horsemen  of  Per.  Ill,  Evans, 
PL  III,  2,  3,  4,  5,  etc.  Extr.  fine. 

Many  archaic  horsemen  as  Hirsch  XXVI 
Sale,  1910,  Taf.  IX,  176,  177,  f.  d.  c. 

Metapontum.  Many  varied  types  issued 
c.  400-380  B.  C.  Very  fine. 

A few  signed  API^TOIE  as  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat.  74,  f.  d.  c. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTH2 

205 

Thurium.  Many  varied  types.  425- 
380  B.  C,  inc.  a few  signed  MOAO^^O^ 
Very  fine  to  f.  d.  c. 

Terina.  A few  types  struck  c.  425-420 
B.  C.  Fine  and  very  fine. 

Croton.  Many  varied  types,  c.  440-400 
B.  C.,  V.  fine  ; and  a v.  fine  example  of 
Head,  Hist.  Num^.,  fig.  54,  p.  96  (before 

c.  390  B.  C.). 

Corcyra.  Very  many  staters  absolutely 
f.  d.  c.,  weighing  ii.io  gr.,  as  Hirsch 
XXIX  Sale,  1910,  Taf.  VII,  381-384,  c. 
400-350  B.  C. 

Considering  the  splendid  condition  of  all 
the  Tarentine  horsemen  of  Period  III 
(dated c.  380-345  B.  C.),  of  the  A PI^TOE  E 
coins  of  Mctapontum,  (c.  400-350  B.  C.), 
and  the  Corcyrasan  staters,  absolutely  f. 

d.  c.,  this  very  important  hoard  which  in- 
cluded also  a few  Corinthian  pegasoi, 
seems  to  have  been  deposited  c.  360  B.  C. 
at  the  very  latest. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

206 

TAPAE  OIKIETHE 

APPENDIX  B 

April,  igi2.  Torre  del  Ovo  Find. 

Tarentum.  i Oekist  of  Type  No.  56A. 
c,  of  Plate  XII,  in  good  condition,  the  obv. 
oxidized. 

1 Horseman,  Evans,  Per.  II,  Type  L2,  cf. 
PI.  II,  B.  C.  420-380,  V.  well  preserved. 

2 Horsemen,  Evans,  Per.  VI,  Ai,  cf.  PL 
VIII  (B.  C.  302-281).  Both  f.  d.  c. 

1 uncertain  Horseman.  Damaged  by  oxi- 
dation. 

Heraclea.  i Carelli,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  CLX  2 
(c.  B.  C.  370-  ),  cf.  Jameson  Cat.,  PI.  XI, 
241.  Fine. 

2 Brit  Mus.  Cat.,  Italy,  No.  33  (B.  C.  370- 
281).  Both  very  much  eroded. 

Metapontum.  i B.  M.  C.,  122  (B.  C. 
400-350).  Very  fine. 

I B.  M.  C.,  96  (B.  C.  330-300).  Extr.  f. 

I B.  M.  C.,  96  (B.  C.  330-300).  Fine. 

I B.  M.  C.,  106  (B.  C.  330-300).  V.  fine. 
I B.  M.  C.,  108  (B.  C.  330-300).  Fine. 

3 B.  M.  C.,  108  (B.  C.  330-300).  Oxidized 
and  eroded. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

207 

Croton.  I B.  M.  C.,  92  (Before  B.  C. 
390).  V.  fine. 

Thurium.  i B.  M.  C.,  51  (B.  C.  400- 
350).  Poor. 

I B.  M.  C.,  57  (B.  C.  400-350).  Poor. 

Total  of  coins:  Tarentum,  5;  Heraclea, 
3;  Metapontum,  8;  Croton,  i;  Thurium, 
2.  Total,  19. 

The  brilliant  condition  of  the  2 Horse- 
men of  Period  VI  makes  it  probable  that 
this  small  hoard  was  deposited  about  c. 
302  B.  C.,  at  the  very  beginning  of  Sir 
Arthur  Evans’  Period  VI. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

208 

TAPAE  OIKIETH2 

APPENDIX  C 

1914  Find  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Taranto. 

1 ^ ARAT-  Phalanthos  on  dolphin  to 
r.,1.  hand  extended.  Raised  border,  on 
which  pellets. 

Wheel  of  four  spokes.  Worn.  8.01 
gr.  I 

2 Do.  from  same  dies  as  Regling,  War- 
ren Cat.,  Taf.  I,  17. 

R'  From  same  die  as  No.  i . Very  much 
worn  and  oxidized.  7.20  gr.  i 

3 TA  to  r.  Same  type  of  barbarous 
style.  Phalanthos  holds  cuttle-fish  in  r. 
hand  and  extends  1.  (Unpublished  and 
presumably  unique.  M.  P.  Vlasto  coll.). 

R'  Wheel  of  four  spokes  (hammered 
edge).  Much  worn  and  oxidized.  7.94 
gr.  I 

4 TAPA  Phalanthos  on  dolphin  to  r. 
holding  cuttle-fish  in  r,  hand,  1.  arm  ex- 
tended. Cable  border. 

W TAPA^  Bridled  hippocamp  to  1. 
Plain  incuse  border.  Not  well  preserved. 
7.96  gr.  I 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

209 

5 Do.  from  same  die,  cf.  Brit.  Mus., 
No.  48. 

From  same  die  as  No.  4.  Much  worn 
and  eroded.  7.10  gr.  i 

6 Oekist  of  Type  No.  2g. 

Type  No.  2g.  Well  preserved.  7.93 
gr.  I 

7 ^A^AT  Phalanthos  on  dolphin  to 
r.  both  hands  extended.  Beneath,  cockle- 
shell. Border  of  dots.  See  Fig.  No.  i,  p. 
67. 

Head  of  nymph  Satyra  to  r.  within 
wreath  of  olive.  Well  preserved  but  badly 
struck  and  obv.  slightly  eroded.  8.02  gr.  i 

8 Oekist  of  Type  No.  14H.  pl.iv. 

Well  preserved  but  pitted  by  oxidation. 

7-73  gr-  I 

9 Oekist  of  Type  No.  16B.  pl.v. 

Very  much  worn.  7.52  gr.  i 

10  Oekist  of  Type  No.  16H.  pl,  vi. 

V.  g.;  eroded  by  oxidation.  7.40  gr.  i 

11  Oekist  of  Type  No.  19.  pl.vi. 

Worn.  7.26  gr.  i 

12  Oekist  of  Type  No.  30.  pl.  vii. 

Very  good,  the  reverse  pitted  by  oxida- 
tion. 7.38  gr.  I 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

210 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

13  Oekist  of  Type  No.  34.  pl.  viii. 

V.  f.;  somewhat  eroded.  7.73  gr.  i 

14  Oekist  of  Type  No.  37A.  pl.ix. 

Brilliant  f.  d.  c.  8.14  gr.  i 

15  Oekist  of  Type  No.  42.  pl.  x. 
Brilliant,  obverse  somewhat  oxidized. 

8.08  gr.  I 

Total  of  Tarentine  nomoi:  Wheel  rev., 
3 ; Hippocamp  rev.,  2 ; Head  of  Satyra  rev., 
i;  Oekist  rev.,  9.  Total,  15. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKIETHE 

21 1 

NOTES 

1 Arist.  Politics  V,  28,  VI,  3,  5. 

2 F.  Lenormant,  La  Grande  Grece  1881,  p.  30. 

3 Dr.  K.  Regling  [cf.  “ Klio,”  1906,  Bd.  VI, 
Heft  3,  p.  504]  has  finally  shown  that  at  Taren- 
tum  and  Heraclea  the  silver  stater  and  not  the 
diobol  was  called  by  the  ancients  nomos : TraXi- 
Kbs  vbfios.  In  the  Achaean  colonies  the  stater  or 
unit  was  divided  into  thirds  and  sixths,  accord- 
ing to  the  Corinthian  system,  the  early  Taren- 
tine  nomoi  are  by  halves  and  again  by  fifths. 
That  even  the  early  incuse  nomos  at  Tarentum 
was  considered  as  a didrachm  is  confirmed  by  an 
extraordinarily  rare  variety  exhibiting  beneath 
the  usual  dolphin-rider  the  addition  of  two  round 
pellets  which  can  scarcely  be  taken  for  anything 
but  marks  of  value.  Of  this  remarkable  and  un- 
published type  only  two  specimens  have  come 
under  my  observation.  The  first  is  in  the  Paris 
Cabinet  des  Me  dailies  (No.  1215,  weight  7.89)  ; the 
second  is  now  in  my  cabinet  (weight  7.95).  It 
was  formerly  in  Sir  Herman  Weber’s  splendid 
collection  [cf.  L.  Forrer,  Cat.  Weber,  No.  51 1, 
PI.  24]. 

^ Raoul  Rochette,  Memoir es  de  Numismatique 
et  d'Antiquite;  Essai  sur  la  Numismatique  Taren- 
tine.  Paris,  MDCCCXL,  pp.  197-256. 

5 Op.  cit.  Pis.  II  to  IV.  The  author  gives  the 
engravings  of  25  varieties  all  from  the  Cabinet 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

212 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

du  Roi  or  from  his  own  collection.  In  this  paper 
ii6  different  die-combinations  are  described  and 
I have  been  able  to  examine  over  400  coins  of 
this  class. 

6 Num.  Chron.,  1889,  p.  3. 

^ F.  Carelli,  Numorum  Veterum  Italioe  descrip- 
tio.  Naples,  1812,  Pis.  CVI,  CVII,  25  types  en- 
graved from  various  collections  but  mostly  from 
Carelli’s  own  cabinet  which  has  since  passed, 
almost  in  its  integrity,  into  the  Vienna  collection 
(cf.  K.  Regling  Terina,  p.  6). 

8 Garrucci  " Le  monete  dell’  Italia  Antica,” 
Rome,  1885,  cf.  PI.  XCVII,  where  only  eight 
types  are  engraved  with  the  following  errata : 
No.  34  joins  by  mistake  two  dies  belonging  to 
different  types  (cf.  R.  Rochette,  PI.  IV,  34  and 
36).  No.  29,  the  inscription  of  the  reverse  is 
omitted.  Although  the  engraving  of  this  plate 
is  very  fine,  the  style  of  each  type  is  invariably 
badly  rendered. 

9 Cf.  T.  CVI,  51,  T.  CVII,  69. 

10  Cf.  T.  CVII,  72.  All  the  following  (T.  CVI) 
52,  53,  54,  56,  61  and  64,  (T.  CVII)  67,  68  are 
very  inaccurately  engraved.  The  module  of  all 
coins  is  invariably  too  large.  I have  been  able 
to  identify  beyond  doubt  all  the  original  coins 
engraved  by  Carelli  with  the  possible  exception 
of  T.  CVII,  68.  Cf.  Type  No.  21. 

Cf.  Head,  Hist.  Num.,^  1911,  p.  55.  K.  Reg- 
ling, Sammlung  Warren,  1906,  p.  4,  Nos.  21-27. 
K.  Regling,  Klio,  op.  cit.,  p.  515.  Rev.  A.  W. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

213 

Hands,  Coins  of  Magna  Grcecia,  p.  20,  etc.  It  is 
true  that  so  prominent  a numismatist  as  E.  Bab- 
elon  in  his  Traite,  Vol.  I,  Part  II,  p.  1395,  possi- 
bly inadvertently,  refers  to  the  seated  “Demos,” 
but  no  doubt  when  this  learned  author  revises, 
in  a subsequent  volume,  the  Tarentine  coinage 
after  B.  C.  473,  he  will  subscribe  to  the  more 
recent  “ oekist  ” theory  which  even  R.  Rochette 
(cf.  op.  cit,  p.  233)  had  once  entertained  only 
to  reject  it  in  favor  of  the  hypothetical  Demos. 
However,  quite  recently,  M.  Babelon  in  his  Les 
Monnaies  Grecques,  Apercu  historique,  Paris, 
1921,  p.  86,  again  refers  to  the  seated  D6mos. 

12  Num.  Chron.,  1897,  “ The  type  known  as  the 
D6mos  on  the  coins  of  Rh6gium,”  p.  173,  and 
ibid.  1899,  p.  5. 

Num.  Chron.,  iSg8,  Rhegium- 1 ocastos,  p.  281. 

14  The  seated  figure  at  Tarentum  is  Taras,  the 
heroic  founder  of  Tarentum,  the  oiKL<TTr)s,  just  as 
the  seated  Heracles  is  the  mythical  founder  of 
Croton,  on  the  well  known  didrachms  of  this 
town  inscribed  : O^K^MTAM.  (Head,  H ist. 
Num..^  fig.  25.) 

15  Op.  cit.  p.  19. 

IS  Cav.  Quintino  Quagliati,  the  erudite  keeper 
of  the  Museo  Civico  at  Taranto,  has  brought 
together  in  the  second  room  of  the  Museum, 
numerous  ^gean  potsherds,  partly  belonging  to 
a late  Minoan  period,  partly  to  the  Mycenaean 
class,  all  (circa  B.  C.  1300)  found  on  a spot  called 
“ Sc  olio  del  Touno  ” not  far  from  the  ancient 

i 

j 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

214 

TAPAS  OIKIETH2 

Tarentum.  There  is  also  a fine  display  of  bronze 
and  ivory  implements  and  large  selection  of 
Messapo-Iapygian  pottery  much  earlier  in  date 
than  B.  C.  705,  presumed  date  of  the  foundation 
of  Tarentum,  Cf.  Q.  Quagliati,  Notizie  degli 
Scavi,  1902,  p.  583,  and  Adolphe  Reinach,  Notes 
Tarentines  in  “ Neapolis,”  Vol,  II,  Part  III.  p. 
245,  and  Note  No.  2. 

IJ"  Pausanias,  X,  10.  Lenormant,  op.  cit,  p. 
22.  Geffeken,  Gr undung  von  Tarentum  {Fleck- 
eisen's  Jahrbucher,  1893).  Antiochus,  F.  H.  G., 

I,  184,  14  (ap.  Strab.  279c).  Probus  ad  Georg, 
II,  176.  Pais,  Storia  della  Magna  Grcecia,  I,  p. 
61 1,  and  Ricerche  Geografiche,  p.  iii.  Prof,  An- 
drea Martini,  Guida  di  Taranto,  p.  6. 

18  Herodotus,  VI,  38.  G.  Macdonald,  Coin 
Types,  p.  104. 

19  Journal  of  Hell.  Stud.,  1918,  p.  99,  Note  46. 
29  E.  Babelon,  Traite,  op.  cit,  p.  1379-  H- 

Dressel,  Beschr.  der  Ant.  Miinzen,  Berlin,  III 
Band,  Italien,  p.  223. 

21  Cf.  Evans,  op.  cit,  p.  14,  PI.  II,  5.  and  PI. 
VI,  10.  Cf.  also  Evans,  Type  G,  Per.  II,  with 
the  kantharos  symbol  beneath  the  heroized  rider , 
in  this  case  certainly  Taras. 

22  Cf.  Lenormant,  op.  cit,,  p.  397.  J.  R.  An- 
derson, Journal  of  Hell.  Stud.,  1883,  p.  130.  A. 

J.  Evans,  op.  cit,  pp.  18,  19. 

23  Klio,  loc.  cit.,  p.  515. 

24  Cf.  No.  26,  Die  Griechischen  Miinzen  der 
Sammlung  Warren,  Berlin,  1906,  and  Klio,  1.  c.. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKI2TH2 

215 

p.  515,  Note  4.  For  a probable  explanation  of 
this  abnormally  low  weight  cf.  p.  45. 

25  Cf.  K.  Regling.  Klio,  1.  c.,  p.  515,  Note  No. 
2,  and  A.  Sambon,  Rev.  Num.,  1903,  pp.  58,  59. 

26  Cf.  Rev.  Num.,  1904,  PI.  V,  No.  i.  The  date 
proposed  for  that  presumed  unique  variety  now 
appears  to  me  somewhat  too  early. 

27  Cf.  R.  Jameson  catalogue,  PI.  IV,  No.  87. 
Babelon,  Traite,  PI.  LXV,  13.  Dressel,  Berlin 
Cat.,  Nos.  62,  64.  H.  Willers,  Studien  zur 
Grieschischen  Kunst,  Leipzig,  1914,  PI.  XII,  6. 
R.  Rochette,  1.  c.,  PI.  II,  16. 

28  Evans,  PI.  I,  6.  Babelon,  Traite,  PI.  LXV, 
20.  H.  Willers,  1.  c.,  PI.  XII,  3,  4,  5,  and  R.  Ro- 
chette, PI.  I,  5,9. 

29  Much  praise  must  be  bestowed  on  archaeolo- 
gists and  Museum  curators  who,  as  the  learned 
Prof.  P.  Orsi  of  Syracuse,  give  us  regularly  notes 
on  coin  finds  they  have  been  fortunate  enough  to 
secure  for  the  museums  under  their  care.  Cf. 
Atti  et  Memorie  del  Istituto  Italiano  di  Numis- 
matica,  Vol.  Ill,  1917,  p.  5,  and  p.  31,  also  Vol. 
Ill,  1919,  p.  5. 

69  Cf.  Num.  Chron.,  1907,  PI.  X,  No.  2 (my 
coll.). 

61  Cf.  Num.  Chron.,  1907,  p.  281,  Note  12.  I 
have  lately  had  the  good  fortune  of  securing, 
for  my  cabinet,  a beautiful  example  (wt.  8.00)  of 
this  all  but  unique  incuse  nomos  with  inscription 
retrograde  on  both  sides.  The  obverse  is  from 
the  same  die  as  the  Athenian  coin  (cf.  A.  Posto- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

216 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

laka,  Kar.  tS>v  dpx.  vofxis.  Athens,  No.  219)  but 
the  reverse  die  has  been  recut  and  altered  by  the  ad- 
dition of  two  very  small  round  pellets  in  relief  on 
the  dolphin-rider’s  thigh  (see  above,  Note  No.  3). 
This  remarkable  nomos  comes  from  a small  South- 
ern Italy  find  made  years  ago  which  included 
only  four  other  incuse  staters,  all  in  fine  condi- 
tion, two  of  Croton  [one  as  Pozzi  Sale  Cat.,  PI. 
IX,  284,  weight  8.09,  the  other  in  brilliant  con- 
dition as  B.  M.  C.,  No.  33,  weight  8.10],  and  two 
of  Caulonia  [one  as  Babelon,  Traite,  PI.  LXX, 
14,  weight  8.05,  the  other  as  B.  M.  C.,  No.  7, 
with  two  circles  or  0 on  reverse,  weight  8.04]. 
The  date  of  this  small  deposit  may  have  been 
c.  510  B.  C.  and  the  Tarentine  incuse  one  of  the 
latest  issued  for  commerce  with  Achaean  colonies. 

32  Cf.  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  Italy,  Nos.  41,  42,  47, 
48,  200.  Dressel,  Berlin,  1.  c..  Nos.  56,  58,  61, 
72,  96,  etc. 

33  Cf.  Journal  Intern.  d’Arch.  Num.,  Athens, 
1899,  p.  308,  No.  3 and  p.  322,  No.  i. 

34  Mr.  Arthur  Sambon,  when  first  he  published 
(cf.  Bulletin  de  Numismatique,  1900,  p.  9)  a 
unique  Tarentine  third  of  nomos,  weighing  2.48, 
from  the  Prof.  Dell  Erba’s  collection  [thence  in 
the  Philipsen  coll,  sold  by  Dr.  Hirsch  XV  Sale, 
PI.  II,  No.  374  and  now  in  my  cabinet]  a quite 
abnormal  division  of  the  nomoi  with  the  hippo- 
camp  reverse,  struck  on  a thick  flan,  and  of  poorer 
style  than  the  hippocamp  nomoi  of  spread  fabric, 
says  : II  y a evidemment  dans  cette  serie  des  inter- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

I 


TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

217 

positions  de  types  qui  compliquent  beaucoup  les 
recherches,  et  on  pourra  arriver  d des  resultats 
satisfaisants  seulement  le  jour  oit  on  aura  sous  les 
yeux  une  serie  complete  de  moulages  de  toutes  les 
varietes  connues,”  and  the  learned  numismatist 
adds  “ ces  deux  series  de  monnaies  ont  du  pourtant 
avoir  un  cours  simultane.”  Cf.  also  the  highly 
important  paper  of  the  same  author  “Art  Hellene 
et  Art  indigene,"  in  Rev.  Num.,  Paris,  1916,  p.  i. 

Cf.  the  nomos  with  the  wheel  reverse  of 
Messapo-Iapygian  style.  Hirsch  XV  Sale,  1906, 
PI.  II,  No.  370,  now  in  my  collection. 

36  Catalogo  del  Museo  Nazionale  de  Napoli  I. 
Monete  greche,  Napoli,  MDCCCLXX,  No.  1800. 

3"  The  hair  and  beard  of  Taras  on  Garrucci’s 
engraving  T.  XCVII,  27,  wrongly  appear  as  curly. 
The  diphros,  exergue  and  borders  are  rather  in- 
accurate, the  archaic  style  of  reverse  quite  un- 
recognizable. 

38  Evans,  1.  c.,  pp.  18,  19. 

39  Cf.  Perrot  & Chipiez,  Histoire  de  I’Art, 
Tome  VIII,  p.  134  fig.  74,  p.  439  fig.  215.  E.  A. 
Gardner,  Handbook  of  Greek  Sculpture,  p.  149 
fig.  22. 

49  For  the  association  of  the  kantharos  with  the 
old  heroic  cult  of  Tarentum  and  Sparta  cf . Evans. 
1.  c.,  p.  18,  and  Journal  Hell.  Stud.,  1886,  “ Re- 
cent Discoveries  of  Tarentine  Terra  Cottas.”  R. 
Rochette,  op.  c.,  p,  233.  E.  Pottier  & S.  Reinach, 
La  necropole  de  Myrina,  pp.  440,  441. 

41  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  1.  c.,  p.  213,  Note  No.  i. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

2I8 

TAPA2  0IKI2TH2 

42  R.  Rochette,  1.  c.,  p.  215,  and  M.  Lorentz, 
De  Civil.  Vet.  Tarent.,  Leipzig,  1833,  pp.  ii,  13, 

43  Cf.  A.  J.  Evans,  Journal  of  Hell.  Stud.,  1886, 
p.  45.  Elworthy,  The  Evil  Eye,  pp.  370,  374,  381. 
F.  Lenormant,  op.  cit.,  p.  323.  F.  Cumont, 
Rev.  Arch.,  1917,  pp.  87,  92,  No.  3,  and  98,  No. 
12. 

44  No  doubt  the  engraver  represented  Taras  of 
rather  mature  age  and  bearded  in  order  to  differ- 
entiate him  from  Phalanthos  of  the  reverse,  and 
we  have  already  noted  (see  p.  6)  that,  according  to 
tradition,  Taras  had  ruled  a number  of  years 
over  the  city  he  founded  before  his  death  and 
heroization. 

45  Cf.  S.  Reinach,  Recueil  de  THes  Antiques,  p. 

4,  Pis.  5 and  6.  E.  Gardner,  1.  c.,  p.  233,  fig.  54. 

46  Cf.  Perrot  & Chipiez,  1.  c.,  p.i68,  figs.  235, 
236. 

47  The  dotted  exergue  between  two  plain  lines 
points  to  an  early  date.  It  is  found  on  incuse 
staters  of  Sybaris  (E.  Babelon,  Traite,  PI.  LXVII , 

5,  7,  8),  of  Laos  [1.  c.,  PI.  LXVIII,  i],  of  Croton 
p.  c.,  PI.  LXIX,  10,  13],  all  struck  before  510 
B.  C. 

48  Cf.  Rev.  Num.,  1904,  M.  P.  Vlasto,  PI.  V, 
No.  I [c.  520-510  B.  C.].  Cat.  R.  Jameson,  PI. 
IV,  83  — Berlin,  Dressel,  1.  c..  No.  48  — H.  Will- 
ers,  1.  c.,  Taf.  XII,  2 (from  my  cabinet)  [c.  510- 
500  B.  C.].  Naples,  Fiorelli,  No.  1796  — a speci- 
men in  my  coll.  (weight  8.03)  [c.  500-480  B.  C.]. 
The  earlier  nomoi  with  the  wheel  reverse  [cf. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKIETH2 

219 

Macdonald,  coll.  Hunter,  PI.  IV,  21]  represent 
the  dolphin-rider,  as  on  the  incuse  nomoi,  in  a 
stiff  archaic  pose  resting  his  right  hand  on  the 
dolphin’s  back  and  extending  his  left.  The  evi- 
dence of  the  Sava  Find,  1856,  in  which  the  “wheel” 
nomoi  were  numerous  and  somewhat  worn  allows 
us  to  date  the  earlier  types  of  this  class  as  far 
back  as  520  B.  C. ; cf.  L.  Sambon,  Recherches  sur 
les  Monnaies  de  la  Presqu’Ue  Itqlique,  Naples, 
1870,  p.  30. 

49  All  the  above  is  confirmed  by  the,  1833,  Ca- 
labrian find  (cf.  Avellino,  1833)  and  the  Sava 
deposit  referred  to  above.  Both  finds  contained 
niunerous  worn  nomoi  with  the  wheel,  a certain 
nmnber  of  nomoi  with  the  hippocamp  reverse,  in 
very  fresh  condition,  and  a few  also  brilliant  ex- 
amples with  the  archaic  head  reverse.  In  the 
Paestum  Find,  1858,  which,  according  to  Sir 
Arthur  Evans  [cf.  1.  c.,  p.  40],  was  buried  as  late 
as  c.  392  B.  C.,  there  occurred  a few  not  well 
preserved  nomoi,  with  the  hippocamp  and  seated 
oekist  reverses  side  by  side  with  fine  and  very 
fine  equestrian  types  of  Periods  I and  II  [B.  C. 
450-380]. 

59  Cf.  Jour,  of  Hell.  Stud.,  1907,  PI.  IV,  2,  and 

р.  97,  fig.  C.  Mr.  W.  Wroth  dates  this  type 

с.  48 0-47 o(  ?)  B.  C.,  but  one  must  not  forget  that 
this  plated  stater  is  presumably  an  ancient  for- 
gery and  cannot  well  represent  the  true  archaic 
style  of  the  genuine  issue,  just  as  our  plated 
oekist  Type  No.  lA  underrates  the  architype. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

220 

TAPA2  0IKI2THS 

51  Cf.  Rev.  Num.,  1912,  p.  16,  PI.  Ill,  No.  i, 
now  in  Mr.  R.  Jameson’s  coll.  [cf.  Cat.  R.  Jame- 
son, PI.  XCVI,  1109a]. 

52  This  plated  nomos  is  now  in  my  cabinet, 

owing  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  R.  Jameson  who 
had  acquired  it  with  Sir  Arthur  Evans’  splendid 
first  collection.  It  was  only  after  judicious 

cleaning,  that  it  was  found  that  the  coin  was 
plated,  and  from  the  same  dies  as  another  poor 
example  for  years  in  my  collection. 

53  Cf.  Rassegna  Numismatica , Anno  XI,  4. 

54  Cf.  Babelon,  Traite,  PI.  LXVI. 

55  Cf.  Revue  N umismatique , 1916. 

56  Cf.  P.  Gardner,  A History  of  Ancient  Coin- 
age, 1918,  p.  201,  and  E.  Gardner,  Handbook  of 
Archceology,  p.  165. 

5"  Cf.  Head,  Coins  of  the  Ancients,  PI.  7,  5 — 
B.  M.  C.,  Italy,  p.  165,  No.  35.  The  cable  bor- 
der is  also  found  on  an  unpublished  variety  in 
my  cabinet  (weight  8.02).  It  is  of  charm-'ng 
archaic  style,  with  the  wheel-spokes  ornamented 
with  delicate  flutings  and  comes  from  the  Gerace 
( ?)  1920  hoard,  see  p.  71. 

58  Cf.  Macdonald,  Hunter  Cat.,  PI.  IV,  21,  etc. 

59  Cf.  G.  F.  Hill  {Greek  Coins  and  their  Parent 
Cities),  Cat.  of  the  J.  Ward  coll.,  PI.  I,  No.  20, 
etc. 

60  Cf.  Prof.  P.  Orsi,  op.  cit.,  pp.  34,  35.  A. 
Sambon,  Rev.  Num.,  1916,  p.  i,  E.  J.  Seltman, 
Num.  Chron.,  1899,  p.  330,  and  Rev.  Num.,  1908, 
p,  276.  P.  Gardner,  1.  c.,  p.  204.  The  cable 

1 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTH2 

221 

border  figuring  on  the  unique  Jahva  coin,  prob- 
ably struck  at  Gaza,  apparently  confirms  Mr. 
W.  Deonna’s  explanation. 

61  Cf.  Revile  des  Etudes  Grecques,  1918,  Tome 
XXI,  p.  64,  “ Le  noeud  Gordien.” 

62  Paris,  1919,  Edition  Leroux,  p.  194. 

63  The  damage  to  this  die  probably  took  place 
at  the  very  outset  of  its  use. 

64  Cf.  Rev.  Int.  d'Arch.  Num.,  1901, 

Tu>p  fivri/xeiujv  rov  EXevLcrviaKov  iivariKov  kvkXov^ 
P.  483- 

65  1.  c.,  R.  Rochette,  p,  218. 

66  Cf . Furtwangler,  Masterpieces  of  Greek  Sculp- 
ture, pp.  428,  429,  and  C.  Smith,  Guide  to  the 
Sculptures  of  the  Parthenon,  p.  66.  (Furtwangler 
& H.  C.  Urlichs)  Greek  and  Roman  Sculpture , 
translated  by  Horace  Taylor,  PI.  XXXV,  etc. 

6"  Taking  into  consideration  the  extreme  rarity 
of  this  type  I give  hereunder  a short  description 
of  all  the  varieties  I have  been  able  to  trace  : 

B.  C.  c.  after  432. 

a,  Diphros,  beneath  which  dove  flapping  wings. 
Rev.  Lyre.  Cf.  Imhoof-Blumer,  Monnaies  Grec- 
ques, No.  I,  PI.  A.  I = Berlin,  wt.  0.98  gr. ; de 
Luynes,  wt.  0.78  (not  f.),  cf.  Garrucci  T.  C.  10. 

B.  C.c.  380-345. 

b,  Diphros  and  Tau  with  three  dots  about 
it  (one  each  side  and  one  just  above  vertical 
stem).  Rev.  Diphros.  Cf.  Imhoof-Blumer,  1.  c.. 
No.  3 = Berlin,  wt.  0.90  gr.  My  coll.,  wt.  0.82 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

222 

TAPA2  OIKI2THS 

gr.  (oxidized),  ex.  Berlin,  Dressel,  1.  c..  No.  487. 
Cf.  Santangelo  coll.  (Naples),  Fiorelli,  No.  3344. 

B.  C.  c.  281-272. 

c.  Same  types  as  h,  with  lustral  branch.  Cf. 
London,  B.  M.  C.,  No.  416,  wt.  0.70  gr.  (not  fine). 
Nervegna  Sale  Cat.,  PL  III,  383  (now  in  my  coll.) 
wt.  0.82  gr. 

d,  Diphros.  Rev.  Distaff.  Cf.  Imhoof-Blumer, 
1.  c..  No.  3 = Berlin,  wt.  0.81  gr.  Garrucci  T.  C. 
9,  and  my  coll.,  wt.  0.80  gr.  (ex.  A.  J.  Evans 
and  R.  Jameson  colls.). 

See  also  Avellino,  Bull.  Arch.  Nap.,  T.  I,  Tav. 
VIII,  12,  and  L.  Sambon,  1.  c.,  p.  243,  Nos.  90,  91. 

Cf.  note  67  c. 

69  Cf.  Rev.  Num.,  1904,9.  ii 2,  and 
Grecques  coll.  Payot,  Paris,  1921,  p.  39. 

70  Cf.  H.  Willers,  1.  c.,  p.  143,  PI.  XII,  i to  ii. 

71  Cf.  Carelli  D,  No.  80 : Mulier{  ?)  dextera 
manu  entensa,  etc.  Carelli’s  very  inaccurate 
engraving  (N.  I.  V.  T.,  CVII,  72)  represents  a 
nomos  of  Type  2 (in  fact  the  Vienna  coin  Type 
2/)  and  not  of  Type  3 (cf.  R.  Rochette,  1.  c.,  p. 
201). 

72  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  p.  201. 

73  Cf . R.  Rochette,  p.  199.  The  very  important 
ancient  collection  of  Mgr.  Capyciolatro,  pub- 
lished by  Cav.  F.  M.  Avellino  {Italiae  Veter  is 
Numismata,  Naples,  1808)  has  been  incorporated 
almost  as  a whole  into  the  splendid  Naples  Sant- 
angelo collection. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAS  OIKISTHS 

223 

Cf.  M.  P.  Vlasto,  Num.  Chron.,  1907,  p.  282, 
No.  3,  where  the  coin  is  wrongly  dated  c.  470 

B.  C. 

Cf.  Percy  Gardner,  A Hist,  of  Anc.  Coins, 
pp.  206,  207. 

76  Since  1907,  when  I gave  a list  of  the  33  in- 
cuse Tarentine  nomoi  known  to  date  [cf.  Num. 
Chron.,  1907,  pp.  279-281,  and  note  No.  10]  I 
have  been  able  to  add  the  following  : [Type,  the 
Hyakinthian  Apollo],  Copenhagen,  wt.  7.20  gr. 
(very  poor  and  oxidized)  ; Arolsen,  Prince  of 
Waldeck  cabinet,  wt.  7.50  gr.  (not  fine)  ; [Type 
Phalanthos  on  dolphin],  Copenhagen,  wt.  7.06  gr. 
(very  poor)  ; M.  P.  Vlasto,  wt.  8.06  gr.  (brilliant, 
found  at  Lecce,  1906)  ; Sir  Herman  Weber,  wt. 
7.95  gr.  (now  in  my  cabinet,  see  above,  note  No. 
3)  ; Mr.  Cl.  Cote,  wt.  7.46  gr.  (not  fine),  ex.  Ldb- 
becke  (Hirsch  XXVI  Sale),  Mathey  and  S.  Pozzi 
colls.;  Cambridge,  wt.  ? (not  fine),  McClean 
coll. ; M.  P.  Vlasto,  wt.  6.43  gr.  (very  much  worn 
and  poor) ; E.  T.  Newell,  wt.  7.24  gr.  (not  fine)  ; 
E.  T.  Newell,  wt.  7.78  gr. ; M.  P.  Vlasto,  wt. 
8.00  gr.  (see  above,  note  No.  31). 

77  See  above,  note  No.  59,  cf.  Brit.  Mus.  Cat., 
p.  167,  Nos.  52,  S3,  and  Dressel,  Berlin  Cat.,  p. 
235,  Nos.  62  and  66-70,  etc. 

78  During  Period  I,  with  the  exception  of  the 
architype  No.  i,  only  the  plated  oekists  of  Type 
No.  lA  and  Type  No.  8 have  the  legend  on  both 
sides. 

79  Owing  to  bad  striking  of  all  known  sped- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

224 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

1 

mens  the  extended  left  hand  is  obliterated,  but 
the  type  appears  little  more  than  a reproduction 
of  the  early  scheme  as  it  is  seen  on  the  hippo- 
camp  nomoi,  cf.  Evans,  PI.  I,  4.  Only  Hunter 
specimen  a shows  traces  of  the  legend  probably 
^ A H AT  which  is  quite  obliterated  on  b and  c. 

Cf.  Macdonald,  Hunter  Cat.,  p.  65. 

81  The  earliest  coin-type  struck  at  Terina,  c 
480  B.  C.,  exhibits  a wingless  Victory,  AK^N, 
surrounded  with  a wreath  of  olive,  cf.  Regling, 
Terina,  Taf.  II,  a,  “ This  type,  according  to  Mr. 
P.  Gardner  (Types  of  Greek  Coins,  p.  102),  sug- 
gests that  perhaps  Pythagoras  of  Rhegium,  in  the 
statue  of  Victory  which  he  made  for  the  Tegea- 
tae  to  dedicate  at  Delphi,  may  have  adhered  to 
the  tradition  of  Calamis,  and  represented  the 
goddess  wingless.”  This  Terinaean  type  may 
have  suggested  to  the  Tarentines  the  symbolical 
wreath. 

Cf.  E.  A.  Gardner,  Handbook,  1.  c.,  p.  iit, 

83  Cf.  Cicero,  De  Signis,  II,  Verr.  IV,  60,  135. 
Varron,  De  ling.  Lai.,  V,  31.  Tatian,.202,  ad 
GrcBcos,  53. 

84  Cf.  Neapolis,  Vol.  II,  Ease.  Ill,  Adolphe 
Reinach,  Notes  Tarentines,  pp.  231-253,  and  H. 
Lechat,  Pythagoras  de  Rhegios,  1905. 

85  R.  Rochette,  1.  c.,  p.  242. 

86  The  late  Mr.  J.  P.  Six  (cf.  Num.  Chron.,  1898, 
p.  231),  following  Busolt  (Griech.  Gesch.  Ill,  i. 
p.  170),  dates  the  Rhegian  series  461-460  B.  C. 

87  Cf.  Diod.,  lib.  XI,  52,  3.  Pietro  Larizza 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  OIKISTHE 

225 

Rhegium  Chalcidense,  p.  70.  Lenormant,  op. 
zit,  p.  28. 

88  I cannot  follow  Mr.  A.  Sambon  who  consid- 
ers the  olive  wreath  as  commemorating  the  ex- 
tension of  the  olive-oil  trade  (Rev.  Num.,  1915, 
P.  97). 

89  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  p.  215.  M.  Lorentz,  1.  c., 
pp.  II,  13.  Heyne,  Prolus,  Acad,,  T.  II,  p.  221 
note  d. 

90  “Oves  Tarentinae,  pellitae  oves  Galaesi.” 
Plant,  TrucuL,  III,  i,  5.  Horace  Carm,  III, 
Od.  V,  5.  Plin.,  H.  N„  IX,  9 and  30. 

91  On  the  beautifully  preserved  oekists,  PI.  I, 
Types  2,  3,  6 and  7.  Nos.  4,  6,  8 and  ii,  where 
all  the  details  of  this  symbol  are  clearly  visible, 
the  dots  which  cover  the  fleece,  placed  upon  the 
diphros,  strongly  recall  the  early  Greek  manner 
ot  representing  the  curly  fleece  of  sheep  on  gems 
and  coins. 

92  Cf.  Athen.,  V,  4.  The  /cXar^os  is  a seat  on 
which  one  sat  leaning  a little  backwards  as  the 
word  signifies. 

93  Although  unnoticed  by  R.  Rochette,  this 
nomos  is  the  very  same  one  engraved  in  Carelli 
T.  CVI,  51,  with  its  module,  as  usual,  much  en- 
larged. 

94  Carelli  describes  the  short  distaff,  held  in 
the  oekists  right  hand,  as  a murex  shell  which 
also  is  figured  on  his  engraving.  It  is,  however, 
possible  that,  considering  the  unusually  small  size 
of  the  distaff,  this  object  is  really  intended  to 

! 

! 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

226 

TAPA2  OIKISTHS 

represent  here  a spindle  twined  with  wool,  the 
purport  of  which  is  the  same. 

95  As  read  by  Dr.  Hirsch  in  the  G.  Philipsen 
XV  Sale  catalogue,  No.  385. 

96  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  p.  183,  PI.  I,  9 = Garrucci 
T.  XCVII,  22  = L.  Sambon,  1.  c..  PI.  XVII,  6. 
The  inscription  of  obverse  eroded  by  oxidation 
on  the  original  represented  in  Fig.  i is  ^A^AT 

95’  Formerly  in  the  Avellino  coll.,  cf.  Riccio, 
Repertorio,  1852,  p.  53,  No.  8. 

98  Cf.  F.  Imhoof-Blumer,  Nymphen  und  Chari- 
ten,  Rev.  Int.  d'Arch.  Num.,  Athens,  1908,  p.  13, 
No.  14  and  note  No.  i. 

99  This  nomos,  I am  informed,  was  found  in 
Calabria,  1920,  with  four  incuse  not  well  pre- 
served staters  of  Croton  and  a fine  double-relief 
stater  of  Caulonia  struck  after  circa  480  B.  C. 

169  K.  Regling,  Sammlung  Warren,  1906,  p.  4, 
No.  19,  PI.  I,  19. 

161  M.  P.  Vlasto,  Rev.  Num.,  1904,  PI.  V,  No. 
6 (now  in  the  C.  C6te  coll.),  and  Babelon,  Traite, 
p.  1390,  cut  No.  2046. 

162  Cf.  Babelon,  Traite,  p.  1378. 

163  On  the  presumably  unique  nomos  in  my 
cabinet  (see  Type  12)  which  is  from  the  same 
rev.  die  as  Type  No.  ii  the  curve  of  the  necklace 
is  plairdy  visible  outside  to  left  of  the  neck  and 
shoulder  of  the  seated  oekist.  It  cannot  be  the 
representation  of  his  collar-bone  as  on  Types 
No.  14  and  14A,  see  PI.  III. 

161  Evans,  op.  cit.,  p.  3,  note  5,  cf.  Head, 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPA2  0IKISTH2 

227 

Coins  of  the  Ancients,  PL  7,  No.  7.  Dressel,  Ber- 
lin Cat.,  Nos.  65,  66. 

Carelli,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  CVIII,  81.  B.  M.  C , 
p.  172,  Nos.  89,  90.  Dressel,  1.  c.,  p.  285,  No. 
369,  Taf.  XIV,  206. 

108  Cf.  E.  Babelon,  Traite,  p.  1391. 

Cf.  Evans,  Per.  II,  Type  L.  2,  from  the 
same  dies  as  the  horsemen  figured  by  L.  Forrer, 
p.  234,  No.  6 {Notes  sur  les  Signatures  des  Gra- 
veurs  sur  les  Monnaies  Grecques),  Brussels,  1906. 
Cf.  Rev.  Beige  de  Num.,  1905-6. 

108  Many  Tarentine  horsemen  are  restruck 
over  Corinthian  staters,  cf.  Berlin  Cat.,  p.  252, 
No.  155,  Taf.  XII,  184  (cf.  Zeit.f.  Num.,  IV,  p. 
330)  No.  157,  p.  257,  No.  192,  Taf.  XIII,  191. 
In  my  cabinet  I have  the  following  “ horsemen  ” 
similarly  restruck.  Evans,  Per.  Ill,  Type  L,  i 
and  3,  Type  M,  i.  Type  0,  3 ; Per.  IV,  Type  A, 
I,  Type  B,  i,  Type  D,  i,  I have  also  a “hippo- 
camp  ” nomos,  from  same  dies  as  F.  S.  Benson 
Sale  Cat.,  PI.  I,  No.  21,  restruck  on  an  early  Co- 
rinthian Pegasos  as  C.  Oman,  Corolla,  PI.  XI, 
No.  Ill,  4.  This  nomos  may  have  been  struck 
circa  460  B.  C. 

109  Cf.  Evans,  p.  36.  M.  P.  Vlasto,  Rev.  Int. 
d’Arch.  Num.,  1895,  PI.  Z,  4.  Cf.  Hirsch  XXIX 
Sale,  PI.  I,  16,  two  other  nomoi  in  my  collec- 
tion. 

110  Cf.  Notizie  degli  Scavi,  1880,  p.  190,  pi.  5. 
The  square  form  ^ is  also  found  on  a fragment 
dedicatory  inscription  in  very  archaic  letters. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

228 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

conjointly  with  the  ^ of  the  normal  form  and 
not  of  the  early  standing  form  ^ discovered  at 
Taranto,  during  the  excavations  made  by  Prof. 
Viola  near  the  ancient  sanctuary  of  Persephone 
on  the  elevated  plateau  called  Pizzone,  cf . Memo- 
rie  della  v.  Accad.  dei  Lincei,  XI,  1883,  p.  296. 

111  Cf.  B.  M.  C.,  50.  Carelli,  N.  I.  V.  T.,  CV, 
43.  Macdonald,  Hunter,  No.  6 = C.  Combe,  T. 
55,  IV.  Jameson  Cat.,  PI.  IV,  87.  Rev.  Num.. 
1904,  PI.  I,  No.  7,  p.  114.  S.  Benson  Cat.,  PL  I, 
No.  21.  Neapolis,  1.  c.,  1913  Tav.  V,  17,  etc.  All 
these  “ hippocamp  ” nomoi  are  among  the  latest 
issued. 

112  With  the  exception  of  the  weight  of  oekist 
No.  I noted,  while  Mr.  E.  Gabrici,  the  courteous 
and  obliging  curator  of  the  Palermo  Museum, 
had  under  his  care  the  Naples  collection,  I have 
unfortunately  been  unable  to  obtain  the  weights 
of  all  the  other  oekists  of  that  very  important 
cabinet,  no  scales  being  now  available. 

113  1.  c.,  p.  205. 

114  The  dolphin-rider  is  represented  receiving 
a small  dolphin  in  a similar  manner  on  several 
later  horsemen,  cf.  Evans,  Per.  Ill,  Type  L,  Per. 
VI,  Type  D,  2 and  3,  also  on  a gold  half  stater 
(B.  M.  Cat.,  p.  162,  No.  16)  and  Num.  Chron., 
1907,  PI.  X,  No.  14.  The  dolphin  is  the  real 
hieroglyph  of  Tarentum  or  abbreviation  of  its 
well  known  wapda-rjfxov. 

115  Cf.  L.  Sambon,  1.  c.,  p.  249. 

116  On  an  extremely  rare  silver  diobol  (wt.  1.2c 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAPAE  OIKISTHS 

229 

gr.)  in  the  de  Luynes  collection,  struck  c.  500 
B.  C.  of  the  following  type:  Cockle-shell,  cable 
border.  Rev.  Cray  fish  between  3>  and  . 

Border  of  radiating  Hnes.  Cf.  Xervegna  Sale 
Cat.,  lot  273,  and  X'aples,  Fiorelli,  X"o.  1907. 
The  specimen  of  this  type  in  my  cabinet  weighs 
1.2 1 gr.  For  T 1 A divided  by  the  type  cf.  the 
later  trihemiobols  as  B.  M.  C.,  X’o.  387,  Gar- 
rucci  Tav.  C.  26. 

11”  Sir  Arthur  Evans  mentions  the  cicada  (cf . 
p.  178)  as  a moneyer’s  symbol  on  a late  Taren- 
tine  horseman,  and  its  fractions,  of  reduced 
weight,  of  his  Type  B,  2,  Per.  VIII.  However 
on  two  particularly  brilliant  examples  of  this 
type,  in  my  cabinet,  the  insect  is  certainly  not  a 
cicada  but  a bee  or  possibly  a fly  (cf.  B.  M.  C., 
Italy,  p.  180,  Xo.  153,  and  Carelli,  X".  I.  V.  T., 
CXI,  147,  associated  to  the  eponymous  magis- 
trate named  Zopyros) . 

118  Cf.  Ad.  Reinach,  1.  c.,  p.  245. 

119  Cf . W.  Aly,  Der  Kretische  Apollonkult,  1909, 
and  Delphinios  in  Klio,  1912. 

120  The  site  of  the  shrine  of  Poseidon  has  been 
identified  by  Signor  Luigi  Viola  within  the  limits 
of  the  ancient  acropolis  of  Tarentum,  cf.  Memo- 
rie  della  v.  Accademia  dei  Lincei,  IX,  493. 

1^1  I cannot  share  Sir  Arthur  Evans’  opinion 
that  the  earliest  horsemen  show  any  great  anal- 
og3^  with  the  wreathed  oekists — which  all  present 
on  their  obverse  Phalanthos  riding  the  dolphin, 
with  both  hands  extended.  This  version  is  never 

i 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

230 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

met  with  on  the  earliest  horsemen,  though  always 
associated  with  the  latest  issues  exhibiting  on 
their  reverse  the  hippocamp  or  youthful  head. 
(Cf.  Evans,  PL  I,  6.  R.  Rochette,  PL  I,  5.) 

122  Cf.  E.  Babelon’s  Traite,  p.  1380.  M.  P. 
WlsisXo,  Rev.  Num.,  1904,  p.  149  and  PL  V,  i. 
Rev.  Beige  de  Num.,  1899,  p.  145,  No.  i and  PL 
VI,'  I. 

123  Cf.  L.  Sambon,  1.  c.,  p.  35. 

124  Anaxagoras,  circa  470  B.  C.,  enunciated  the 
first  law  of  linear  perspective,  the  radiate  retreat- 
ing of  parallels  to  the  point  of  view.  Cf.  J.  Six, 
Jour,  of  Hell.  Stud.,  Vol.  XL,  Part  II,  1920,  p. 
180. 

12s  23/25  mm.,  weight  8.00  gr.  Cf.  M.  P. 

Vlasto,  Rev.  Int.  d’Arch.  Num.,  1898,  PL  Z,  3. 
A similar  obverse  die,  with  the  same  border  and 
mintmark  , represented  both  in  the  Evans  and 
the  Rome- Vatican  collections,  is  coupled  with  a 
somewhat  later  reverse  die  on  which  the  rider 
does  not  hold  the  whip  but  the  horse’s  reins  with 
both  hands.  This  new  reverse  is  represented  in 
my  cabinet  coupled  with  two  other  obverse  dies 
as  Evans,  PL  II,  3. 

126  Sir  Arthur  Evans  gives  the  description  of 
only  four  types  in  his  first  Period.  I have  been 
able  to  bring  together  in  my  cabinet  19  horse- 
men all  struck  before  circa  430  B.  C.,  most  of 
which  are  from  hitherto  unpublished  dies. 

127  Coins  of  early  Velian  types  have  been  fre- 
quently found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Taranto. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

TAP  AS  OIKISTHS 

231 

1*28  On  the  brilliant  example  of  this  extremely 
rare  early  horseman  in  the  Munich  cabinet  the 
letter  0 of  the  inscription  on  the  reverse  is  off 
the  flan. 

129  Cf.  A.  Michaelis  Alt  Parthenon,  Leipzig, 
1870,  PL  14,  IV,  24,  25. 

Cf.  above  note  No.  24. 

131  Cf.  Num.  Chron.,  1907,  PI.  X,  No.  7,  and  F. 
Imhoof--Blumer&  Keller,  Tier  und  PJlanzenbilder, 
VIII,  30. 

132  xhe  only  other  known  example  of  this  type, 
with  the  square  pellet  on  the  reverse,  is  in  the 
splendid  collection  of  Mr.  R.  Jameson,  cf.  Jame^ 
son  Cat.,  PL  V,  No.  93,  cf.  hereafter  note  No.  140. 

133  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  M^moires  de  Numismatique 
et  d'Antiquiti,  Observations  sur  le  type  des  Mon- 
naies  de  Caulonia,  pp.  35-37.  Diodor  Sic,  IV, 
24.  Lycophron,  V,  1005. 

134  Cf.  A.  J.  Evans,  Jour,  of  Hell.  Stud.,  VoL 
VII,  Recent  Discoveries  of  Tarentine  Terra-Cotta, 
p.  5- 

135  Cicalone  means  the  chatterer  and  recalls  the 
noisy  cicada  (in  Italian  cicala)  symbol  on  type 
No.  16I,  apparently  corroborating  my  possibly 
overbold  explanation  of  this  curious  symbol. 

136  Polyb.  Hist.,  VIII,  30,  3. 

137  Cf.  Prof.  Andrea  Martini,  Guida  di  Taranto, 

p.  6. 

188  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  1.  c.,  p.  209,  note  No.  3. 

189  H.  Dressel,  1.  c.,  p.  240,  under  Nos.  84,  85, 

149  Only  two  examples  are  known  of  this  first 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

232 

TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 

issue,  one  in  the  Berlin  Museum  (ex.  Imhoof- 
Blumer  coll.),  cf.  Nymph,  und  Char.,  1.  c.,  PI.  I, 
13  and  Tier  und  PJlanz.,  1.  c.,  Taf.  VIII,  29,  the 
other,  with  the  reverse  curiously  double  struck, 
in  my  collection  (ex.  Hirsch  Sales,  XXX,  102, 
and  XXXIV,  20,  ex.  Garrucci  coll.).  For  other 
reciittings  of  dies  cf.  Sir  Arthur  J.  Evans,  Num. 
Chron.,  Vol.  XII.  1912,  PI.  IV,  21  and  22,  and 
Imhoof-Blumer,  Monnaies  Grecques,  p.  16,  No. 
14. 

Cf.  Num.  Chron.,  Vol.  XII,  1912,  28. 

142  Cf.  Garrucci  Tav.  C.33.  Cat.  Jameson,  PI. 
VII,  132  (my  coll.,  wt.  0.62  gr.).  Garrucci  Tav.  C. 
1 2 and  34  (my  coll.,  wt.  0.63  gr.) . Cf . Minervini, 
Oss.,  Tav.  V,  4a. 

143  Cf.  Weicker,  Seelenvogel,  p.  26. 

144  For  a presumed  unique  Tarentine  third  of 
nomos  cf.  note  No.  34. 

145  The  only  specimen  of  this  type  in  the  Naples 
cabinet  is  Fiorelli’s  No.  1805,  a very  beautiful 
example  of  type  No.  37/1,  on  which  the  dove’s 
head  is  somewhat  indistinct  being  almost  on  the 
edge  of  the  flan.  The  wings  of  the  bird  have  the 
vague  appearance  of  a small  net  which  therefore 
excuses  Avellino’s  mistake. 

146  Cf.  Evans,  Num.  Chron.,  1.  c.,  1912,  PI.  Ill, 
4 and  7. 

14''  Cf.  Lenormant,  1.  c.,  p.  97.  The  learned 
author  considers  the  cat(?)  as  a magistrate’s 
symbol  or  signet.  Thi.s  view  is  however  quite 
inadmissible  there  being  always  an  evident  con- 

NUMISMATIC  NOT  E.S 

TAPAS  0IKI2THS 

233 

nection  between  the  panther’s  cub  and  the  seated 
figure. 

Cf.  Keller,  0.,  Zur  Geschichte  der  Katze  im 
altertums — Mitteil  des  Kais.  deut.  Arch.  Inst, 
Rom.  Abtheil,  1908,  pp.  40-70. 

149  Cf.  Collection  de  Monnaies  Antiques  Grande 
Grece  et  Sidle,  Paris,  19/12/1907,  Sale  Cat.,  p. 
21,  No.  13.  The  preface  of  this  catalogue  by 
Dr.  A.  Sambon  is  a.  highly  valuable  contribution 
on  the  artistic  evolution  of  Magna  Graecia’s  and 
Sicily’s  coinage. 

i®9  Cf.  Imhoof  & Keller,  Tier  und  PJianzenbil- 
der,  Taf.  I,  26. 

i®i  Cf.  Die  Kiinstlernischriften  auf  Griechischen 
M'unzen,  pp.  15-43.  A.  J.  Evans,  op.  cit.,  p.  119. 
L.  Forrer,  1.  c.,  pp.  70-72. 

i®2  Cf.  Boettiger,  Hercules  in  Bivio,  pp.  42-44. 

1®®  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  op.  cit.,  p.  217,  notes  i 
and  2.  R.  Rochette  first  pointed  out  the  real 
meaning  of  these  two  symbols  which  have  been 
taken  for  a bulbous  root,  cuttle-fish  (Carelli 
D.  No.  73)  or  a ball  (Avellino,  Ital.  Vet.  Num., 
p.  77,  pilam  ut  videtur).  The  spindle  of  wool, 
held  out  to  the  panther’s  cub,  has  also  been 
described  as  a murex,  or  even  a bunch  oi 
grapes  by  R.  Rochette  (cf.  p.  232)  and  others. 
The  panther’s  cub  has  also  at  times  been  de- 
scribed not  only  as  a cat  but  also  as  a dog  owing 
to  the  poor  condition  of  most  of  the  examples 
then  at  hand.  It  may  be  noted  here  that  on  an 
Attic  fourth  century  sepulchral  relief  near  Rome, 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

234 

TAPAE  OIKIETHE 

in  the  Grotta  Ferrata  monastery,  a heroized  de- 
parted is  represented  seated  to  left  on  a diphros 
while  a panther’s  cub  is  reclining  beneath  his 
seat  (cf.  Mon.  dalV  Instil.,  1855,  Tav.  15).  Cf. 
also  Clarac,  Musee  de  Sculpture,  PL  682,  No. 
1596,  PL  686,  No.  1611,  PL  688,  Nos.  1616,  1619. 

154  Cf.  Furtwangler,  1.  c.,  p.  15  and  PL  VI,  No. 
18. 

155  Head,  Hist.  Num.,^  fig.  No.  63,  p.  113. 

156  Cf.  E.  J.  Seltman,  Num.  Chron.,  1897,  1.  c., 
PL  VIII,  15. 

157  Cf.  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club  Exhib.  Cat., 
1.  c.,  PL  XCIII,  H.  33. 

158  Cf.  Furtwangler,  1.  c.  PL  V. 

159  The  right  hand  is  empty  and  does  not  hold 
a wreath,  cf.  R.  Rochette,  p.  208,  PL  III,  No.  28. 

169  Cf.  R.  Rochette,  p.  207,  PL  III,  26. 

161  On  all  the  following  horseman  of  early  fine 
style,  rightly  ascribed  to  Period  II,  the  horse- 
man type  still  figures  on  the  reverse  die.  Type 
D,  I.  2,  3 ; Type  E,  4. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 

I 


\ 


\ 


I 


TAPAjS  OIKI2TH2 

f 

'Sf 


< 


l\ 


.[>  3 


TAPA2  OIK12TH2 


Plate  II 


TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 


TAPA2  OIKISTH2 


I 


TAPA2  OIKISTH: 


TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 


Plate  Vll 


Plate  VIII 


33.  a 


37.  a 


33.  b 


TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 


Plate  Vlll 


TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 


Plate  IX 


Plate  X 


i 

I 


TAPA2  01K12TH2 


Plate  X 


TAPA2  OIKI2TH2 


Plate  XI 


TAPA2  01KI2THS 


Plate  Xlll 


TAPA2  0IK12TH2 


Plate  XII 


PUBLICATIONS 


Agnes  Baldwin.  The  Electrum  and  Silver  Coins 
of  Chios.  1915.  60  pages.  7 plates. 

$2.00. 

Albert  R.  Frey.  Dictionary  of  Numismatic 
Names.  1917.  31 1 pages.  $5.00. 

Henry  C.  Mdler  and  Hillyer  Ryder.  The  State 
Coinages  of  New  England.  (Conn.  — 

Vermont  — Mass.).  7 plates.  j^3.oo. 

Moritz  Wormser.  Coins  and  Medals  of  Tran- 
sylvania. 9 plates.  $2-00. 

Theodore  Spicer-Simson.  Portrait  Reliefs, 
Medals  and  Coins  in  their  Relation  to  Life 
and  Art.  ^1.50. 

Robert  W.  McLachlan.  The  Copper  Tokens 
of  Upper  Canada.  4 plates.  ^3.50. 

Eugene  G.  Courteau.  The  Wellington  Tokens 
relating  to  Canada.  2 plates.  $2.00. 


Numismatic  Notes  and  Monographs 

1 Sydney  P.  Noe,  Coin  Hoards.  1921.  47 

pages.  6 plates.  50c. 

2 Edward  T.  Newell.  Octobols  of  Histiasa. 

1921.  25  pages.  2 plates.  50c. 

3 Edward  T.  Newell.  Alexander  Hoards  — 

Introduction  and  Kyparissia  Hoard.  1921. 
21  pages.  2 plates.  50c. 


GETTY  CENTER  LIBRARY 


k. 


3 3125  00885  6060 


Numismatic  Notes  and  Monographs 

(Conthiued) 

4 Howland  Wood.  The  Mexican  Revolu- 

tionary Coinage,  1913-1916.  1921.  44 

pages.  26  plates.  $2.00. 

5 Leonidas  Westervelt.  The  Jenny  Lind 

Medals  and  Tokens.  1921.  25  pages. 

9 plates.  50c. 

6 Agnes  Baldwin.  Five  Roman  Gold  Me- 

dallions. 1921.  103  pages.  8 plates. 

■^1.50.  B 

7 Sydney  P.  Noe.  Medallic  Work  of  A.  A. 

Weinman.  1921.  31  pages.  17  plates. 

1 1. 00. 

8 Gilbert  S.  Perez.  The  Mint  of  the  Philip- 

pine Islands.  1921.  8 pages.  4 plates. 

50c. 

9 David  Eugene  Smith,  LL.D.  Computing 

Jetons.  1921.  70  pages.  25  plates. 

so- 
lo Edward  T.  Newell.  The  First  Seleucid 
Coinage  of  Tyre.  1921.  40  pages.  8 

plates.  $1.00. 

11  Harrold  E.  Gillingham.  French  Orders  and 

Decorations.  1922.  iiopages.  35 plates. 
$2.00. 

12  Howland  Wood.  Gold  Dollars  of  1858. 

1922.  7 pages.  2 plates.  50c. 

13  R.  B.  Whitehead.  Pre-Mohammedan  Coin- 

age of  Northwestern  India.  1922.  56 

pages.  15  plates.  ^2.00. 

14  George  F.  Hill.  Attambelos  I of  Characene. 

12  pages.  3 plates.  50c. 


